465 King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table.pdf

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MACMILLAN READERS
INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
STEPHEN COLBOURN
King Arthur
and the
Knights of the Round Table
MACMILLAN
Contents
1 1 12
13
A Note About These Stories
A Picture Dictionary
The People in These Stories
The Coming of Arthur
The Sword in the Stone
Excalibur
Queen Guinevere
Merlin and Nimu
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
The Chapel Perilous
Tristram and Iseult
Percivale and Lancelot
The Siege Perilous
The Quest for the Holy Grail
The Breaking of the Round Table
The Passing of Arthur
Points for Understanding
Glossary
Exercises
4
6
7
9
15
19
22
27
32
39
46
56
62
66
70
77
81
84
89
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A Note About These Stories
began to tell the stories in English. In these stories, a young
man called Arthur became King of Britain. Arthur called the
best warriors to his court 5 at Castle Camelot. The warriors, or
knights, sat at a round table in the hall of the castle.
A magician 6 named Merlin helped Arthur to rule the land.
These stories are about the Knights of the Round Table and
their adventures. The stories describe how a good knight must
behave. A good knight was chivalrous 7 and polite. He was a
warrior and a powerful member of society. A knight supported
his king and fought for honour, truth and justice 8 . He also
went on quests 9 . He might have to kill an enemy or a dragon.
Perhaps he had to save a young woman. Or he might have to
find something that was holy or valuable. When he had done
these things, his quest was completed.
Stories about Arthur have been retold many times. They
are the subject of books, plays, films, operas and poems. In
The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit by J. R. R. Tolkien,
Gandalf the Wizard is based on Merlin the Magician. In the
Star Wars films, the Jedi Knights are based on the Knights of
the Round Table.
The most important story about King Arthur is The Quest
for the Holy Grail. The Grail was the cup which was used at the
Last Supper in Jerusalem, before the prophet Jesus died. The
modern novel, The Da Vinci Code by Dan Brown, is also about
the Holy Grail.
The stories of King Arthur are more than a thousand years
old. They are stories; they are not history. But, history records
the name of a war leader Artorius who lived around the year
500 AD. Perhaps the name 'Artorius' became 'Arthur' in the
stories of King Arthur.
The Romans ruled Britain between 43 AD and 410
AD. Then, after the Romans left, there was no longer one
government in the country. For centuries, there were many
small kingdoms in Britain. The rulers of these kingdoms were
warriors 1 or war leaders. These British leaders fought invaders 2
who came from the countries across the North Sea and the first
stories of King Arthur date from about this time. But the most
famous stories came from a later period.
The Roman Empire 3 became weak after the year 400 AD.
During the next century, many different people moved across
Europe from east to west. People from northern Germany and
Scandinavia, invaded Britain and drove the British people
into the western and northern lands of Britain. These Anglo-
Saxon invaders named the country Angleland, or England.
Many years later, they became the English people and their
language became English.
For two hundred years after this, Vikings from Scandinavia
attacked 4 the coast of Britain. They also invaded France and
mixed with Celts and Bretons. In France, the Vikings were
called Normans - north men. Soon, these people no longer
spoke German or Scandinavian. They spoke French and in
1066 AD, the Normans invaded Britain.
Over a century later, French poets and storytellers told the
stories of King Arthur. They told the stories in the French
language. Then, in the 14th century, poets and storytellers
4
5
A Picture Dictionary
The People in These Stories
knight
Name
Merlin the Magician
Uther Pendragon
Gorlo s
Igrayne
Morgana Le Fey
Role in the stories
a powerful wizard, guardian of Arthur
King of Winchester
King of Cornwall
Queen of Cornwall
a sorceress, half-sister of Arthur and mother of
Mordred
son of Uther Pendragon and Igrayne, King of
Britain
an old knight, foster father of Arthur
son of Ector
the oldest knight of the Round Table
the bravest knight and Champion of Camelot,
also lover of Queen Guinevere and father of
Galahad
the greatest knight
daughter of Leodogran and wife of Arthur
King of Cameliard
a sorceress and companion of Morgana
Master of the Green Chapel
Champion of King Mark of Cornwall, lover of
Iseult the Fair
the purest knight, afterwards guardian of The
Grail Chapel
the perfect knight, son of Lancelot, who achieves
The Quest For The Holy Grail
the wounded knight
the Black knight
a sorceress, also called Hellawes
the Fair Maid of Astolat
daughter of the King and Queen of Ireland, wife
of King Mark and lover of Tristram
King of Cornwall
King of Ireland
shield
helmet
armour
Arthur
castle
tower
Ector
Kay
Bedivere
Lancelot
axe
sword
Gawain
Guinevere
Leodogran
Nimu
The Green Knight
Tristram
blade
Percivale
Galahad
sheath
Meliot
Gilbert
Lady Gilbert
Elaine
Iseult the Fair
spear
Mark
Gurman
6
7
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