A Complete A-Z Bible Dictionary - New International Version - 1999.pdf
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A Complete A-Z Bible Dictionary _New International Version_
A COMPLETE A-Z BIBLE DICTIONARY (New International Version)
AARON (Heb. aharon, meaning uncertain). The oldest son of Amram and Jochebed, of the tribe of Levi, and
brother of Moses and Miriam (
Exod 6:2
;
Num 26:59
). He was born three years before Moses and before Pharaoh's
edict that all male infants should be destroyed (
Exod 7:7
). His name first appears in God's commission to Moses.
When Moses protested that he did not have sufficient ability in public speaking to undertake the mission to
Pharaoh, God declared that Aaron should be spokesman for his brother (
4:10-16
). So Aaron met Moses at "the
mountain of God" (
4:27
) after 40 years' separation, took him back to the family home in Goshen, introduced him to
the elders of the people, and persuaded them to accept him as their leader. Together Moses and Aaron went to
Pharaoh's court, where they carried on the negotiations that finally ended the oppression of the Israelites and
precipitated the Exodus. Aaron married Elisheba, daughter of Amminadab and sister of Nahshon, a prince of the
tribe of Judah (
Exod 6:23
;
1 Chron 2:10
). They had four sons: Nadab, Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar (
Exod 6:23
).
After Israel left Egypt, Aaron assisted Moses during the wilderness wandering. On the way to Sinai, in the battle
with Amalek, Aaron and Hur held up Moses' hands (
17:9-13
), in which was the staff of God. Israel consequently
won the battle. With the establishment of the tabernacle, Aaron became high priest in charge of the national
worship and the head of the hereditary priesthood. In character he was weak and occasionally jealous. He and
Miriam criticized Moses for having married a Cushite woman (
Num 12:1-2
), perhaps an intentionally insulting
reference to Zipporah (
Hab 3:7
-Cush linked with Midian). Behind this personal slight lies a more serious threat to
Moses' position. Aaron, as high priest, was the supreme religious leader of Israel; Miriam was a prophetess (
Exod
15:20
). The great issue is not whom Moses had married but whether Moses could any longer be considered the
sole, authoritative mouthpiece of God. As Aaron and Miriam said, "Hasn't he also spoken through us?" (
Num
12:2
). Recognizing this basic challenge to Moses' God-given status explains God's prompt and dramatic response
(
12:4
). Aaron's own authority as priest did not go unchallenged. It becomes clear that when Korah and his
company (
Num 16
) challenged Moses' leadership, Aaron's priesthood was also called into question. By the
miraculous sign of the flowering and fruitbearing staff, the Lord identified Aaron as his chosen priest (
17:1-9
) and
accorded him a perpetual priesthood by ordering his staff to be deposited in the sanctuary (
17:10
). When Moses
went up Mt. Sinai to receive the tables of the law from God, Aaron acceded to the people's demand for a visible
god that they could worship. He melted their personal jewelry in a furnace and made a golden calf similar to the
familiar bull-god of Egypt. The people hailed this image as the god who had brought them out of Egypt. Aaron did
not remonstrate with them but built an altar and proclaimed a feast to the Lord on the next day, which the people
celebrated with revelry and debauchery (
Exod 32:1-6
). When Moses returned from the mountain and rebuked
Aaron for aiding this abuse, Aaron naively replied: "They gave me the gold, and I threw it into the fire, and out
came this calf!" (
32:24
). Perhaps Aaron meant to restrain the people by a compromise, but he was wholly
unsuccessful. Two months later, when the revelation of the pattern for worship was completed, Aaron and his sons
were consecrated to the priesthood (
Lev 8-9
). At the end of the wilderness wandering, Aaron was warned of his
impending death. He and Moses went up Mt. Hor, where Aaron was stripped of his priestly robes, which were
passed in succession to his son Eleazar. Aaron died at age 123 and was buried on the mountain (
Num 20:22-29
;
33:38
;
Deut 10:6
;
32:50
). The people mourned for him 30 days. The Psalms speak of the priestly line as the "house
of Aaron" (
115:10
,
12
;
118:3
;
135:19
), and Hebrews says that Aaron was called by God (
Heb 5:4
); though the
eternal priesthood of Christ is stated explicitly to be derived from Melchizedek, not from Aaron (
7:11
).
AARONITES Descendants of Aaron who fought with David against Saul (
1 Chron 12:27
). They were
distinguished from the Levites (
27:17
).
AB The fifth month of the Hebrew year, coinciding approximately with mid-July to mid-August (
Num 33:38
).
ABADDON (Heb. avaddon, ruin, perdition, destruction). Its six OT occurrences (
Job 26:6
;
28:22
;
31:12
;
Ps 88:11
;
Prov 15:11
;
27:20
) have the idea of "ruin." Found once in the NT (
Rev 9:11
), it refers to the angel who reigns over
the infernal regions.
ABANA (Heb. avana). Mentioned in the Bible only in
2 Kings 5:12
, this river flows through Damascus, making
the city, though bordering on a desert, one of the loveliest and most fertile on earth.
ABARIM (Heb. avarim, those beyond, or on the other side). Either the region east of the Jordan or the name of a
mountain range NW of Moab. The Israelites encamped here just before crossing the Jordan (
Num 33:47
), and from
one of its peaks Moses saw the Promised Land (
27:12
).
ABBA (Heb. abba). Aramaic word for father, transliterated into Greek and thence into English. It is found three
times in the NT (
Mark 14:36
;
Rom 8:15
;
Gal 4:6
). The corresponding Hebrew word is Ab.
ABDA (Heb. avda, probably servant of God). 1. The father of Adoniram (
1 Kings 4:6
). 2. A Levite, the son of
Shammua (
Neh 11:17
), called "Obadiah the son of Shemaiah" (
1 Chron 9:16
).
ABDI (Heb. avdi, probably servant of Jehovah). 1. A Levite, father of Kishi, the grandfather of David's singer
Ethan (
1 Chron 6:44
; perhaps
2 Chron 29:12
). 2. One of Elam's sons who married foreign wives (
Ezra 10:26
).
ABDON (Heb. avdon, meaning uncertain, may be servant, service, or servile). 1. The eleventh judge of Israel who
judged for eight years (
Judg 12:13-15
). 2. One of the sons of Shashak, a Benjamite, living in Jerusalem (
1 Chron
8:23
,
28
). 3. The son of Jeiel of Gibeon (
8:30
;
9:35-36
). 4. An official that King Josiah sent to Huldah the
prophetess (
2 Chron 34:20
; called Acbor in
2 Kings 22:12
).
ABDON One of four Levitical cities in the tribe of Asher (
Josh 21:30
;
1 Chron 6:74
). It may be the same as
"Hebron" in
Joshua 19:28
. Now called Abdeh, near the Mediterranean and about 15 miles (25 km.) south of Tyre.
ABEDNEGO (Heb. avedhnegho, servant of Nego). One of the three Hebrews overseeing the affairs of the province
of Babylon; he was saved from the fiery furnace (
Dan 3:12-30
).
ABEL (Heb. hevel). A Hebrew word of this spelling means "breath," "vapor," that which is "insubstantial"; but
more likely the name should be linked with an Accadian word meaning "son." He was Adam and Eve's second son,
who was murdered by his brother Cain (
Gen 4
). Disaffection between the two brothers arose when Cain brought a
vegetable offering to the Lord, and Abel brought a lamb. Perhaps God had previously (at
3:21
?) revealed that man
must approach him with blood-sacrifice. God accepted Abel's offering because it was an animal sacrifice and or
because of the spirit ("by faith,"
Heb 11:4
) in which it was offered (
Gen 4:4-5
). Thus Abel became the first
exemplar of the way of righteousness through faith (
Matt 23:35
;
1 John 3:12
).
ABEL (Heb. avel, a meadow). 1. The name of a city involved in the rebellion of Sheba (
2 Sam 20:14
,
18
); the same
as Abel Beth Maacah (
20:15
). 2. "The great stone of Abel" (
1 Sam 6:18
KJV; NIV has "the large rock").
ABEL BETH MAACAH (Heb. avel beth maakhah). Abel ("meadow," perhaps "brook") of Beth-Maacah (KJV
"Maachah"); i.e., near Beth Maacah; was in the extreme north of Palestine, in the tribe of Naphtali (
2 Sam 20:15
;
1
Kings 15:20
). Sheba, son of Bicri, fled to it when his revolt against David failed. The town was saved from assault
by Joab when, with its proverbial shrewdness, it followed the advice of "a wise woman" that the people sacrifice
Sheba (
2 Sam 20:14-22
). About 80 years later Benhadad seized it (
1 Kings 15:20
) and in 734 B.C. Tiglath-Pileser
carried off its inhabitants to Assyria (
2 Kings 15:29
).
ABEL MEHOLAH (meadow of dancing or brook of dancing). Town where Elisha was born and lived (
1 Kings
19:16
). The Midianites routed by Gideon fled there (
Judg 7:22
).
ABEL MIZRAIM (Heb. avelmitsrayim, meadow or mourning of Egypt). A place east of the Jordan at which the
funeral procession of Jacob stopped to mourn for seven days before entering Canaan to bury him (
Gen 50:11
).
Previously called the "threshing floor of Atad," the Canaanites now called it the "mourning of (funeral from)
Egypt" because the Egyptian nobility and soldiers took part in the funeral rites.
ABIA (See
ABIJAH
)
ABI-ALBON (See
ABIEL
)
ABIATHAR (Heb. eviathar, father of abundance). Son of Ahimelech, who with 84 other priests was killed at Nob
on Saul's instructions, after Doeg had told the king that Ahimelech had helped David by inquiring of the Lord for
him and by giving him Goliath's sword (
1 Sam 22
). Abiathar somehow escaped the slaughter and joined David,
bringing the oracular ephod with him (
22:20
ff.). Abiathar and Zadok were in effect joint high priests when David
brought the ark to Jerusalem (
1 Chron 15:11
f.). This situation continued through David's reign (e.g.,
2 Sam 15:24
,
27
,
29
). Abiathar did not, however, give the same loyalty to Solomon, but associated himself with the cause of
Adonijah, the eldest surviving son of David (
1 Kings 1:7
,
19
,
25
). It would appear that, even after the failure of
Adonijah's attempt to succeed David, Abiathar was in some way still linked with him, for when Adonijah was
executed on suspicion of plotting a coup, Abiathar was banished from Jerusalem (
2:22-27
). This terminated the
joint priesthood of Zadok and Abiathar, as referred to in
1 Kings 4:4
, and also fulfilled the prediction, made 150
years earlier, of the end of the priestly rule of the house of Eli (
1 Sam 2:31-35
).
ABIB (Heb. aviv, an ear of corn). The preexilic name for the first month (March April) of the year (
Exod 13:4
;
23:15
;
34:18
)-called Nisan after the Exile.
ABIDAN (Heb. avidhan, the father is judge). A prince chosen to represent the tribe of Benjamin at the census in
the wilderness of Sinai (
Num 1:11
;
2:22
). At the dedication of the tabernacle he made an offering as one of the
heads of Israel (
7:60
,
65
).
ABIEL (Heb. aviel, the father is God, or God is father). 1. The grandfather of Saul and Abner (
1 Sam 9:1
;
14:51
).
2. One of David's mighty men (
1 Chron 11:32
), also called Abi-Albon (
2 Sam 23:31
).
ABIEZER (Heb. aviezer, father of help, or father is help). 1. Head of the family in Manasseh to which Gideon
belonged (
Judg 6:11-12
;
8:2
,
32
). 2. One of David's mighty men (
2 Sam 23:27
;
1 Chron 11:28
;
27:12
).
ABIGAIL (Heb. avighayil, father is rejoicing). 1. The wife of Nabal and, after his death, of David (
1 Sam 25:3
,
14-
44
;
27:3
;
2 Sam 3:3
), to whom she bore his second son, Kileab (or,
1 Chron 3:1
, Daniel). 2. Hebrew avighal. A
sister or stepsister of David, daughter of Nahash, wife of Jether, and mother of Amasa (
2 Sam 17:25
;
1 Chron.
2:16-17
).
ABIHAIL (Heb. avihayil, the father is strength). 1. A Levite, the father of Zuriel, who in the wilderness was the
head of the house of Merari (
Num 3:35
). 2. The wife of Abishur of the tribe of Judah (
1 Chron 2:29
). 3. A Gadite
who lived in Gilead of Bashan (
5:14
). 4. The wife of Rehoboam and daughter of Eliab, David's oldest brother (
2
Chron 11:18
). 5. The father of Queen Esther (
Esth 2:15
;
9:29
).
ABIHU (Heb. avihu, the father is he). Second son of Aaron (
Exod 6:23
). With Aaron, Nadab his brother, and the
70 elders he went with Moses up Mt. Sinai for a limited distance (
24:1
) and saw God (
24:9-11
). Subsequently
Abihu died under divine judgment because he offered "unauthorized fire before the LORD" (
Lev 10:1
).
ABIJAH (Heb. aviyah or aviyahu, Jehovah is father). 1. The wife of Judah's grandson Hezron (
1 Chron 2:24
). 2.
The seventh son of Beker, the son of Benjamin (
7:8
). 3. The second son of Samuel who was appointed a judge by
his father and became corrupt (
1 Sam 8:2
;
1 Chron 6:28
). 4. A descendant of Aaron. Of the 24 groups of priests (
1
Chron 24:10
), he was the ancestral head of the group to which the father of John the Baptist belonged (
Luke 1:5
). 5.
A son of Jeroboam I (
1 Kings 14:1-18
). He died from illness when still a child, in fulfillment of a prediction by the
prophet Ahijah and as a judgment for Jereboam's apostasy. 6. King of Judah, the son and successor of Rehoboam.
He made war on Jeroboam in an effort to recover the ten tribes of Israel. Before one battle he appealed to Jeroboam
not to oppose God, who had given the kingdom to David and his sons forever; Abijah, though greatly outnumbered,
gained a decisive victory. He married 14 wives and followed the evil ways of his father. He reigned three years (
2
Chron 12:16-14:1
). 7. Hezekiah's mother (
29:1
), "Abi" in
2 Kings 18:2
(KJV, NASB, NEB, RSV). 8. A chief of the
priests who returned from Babylon with Zerubbabel (
Neh 12:4
,
17
). 9. A priest of Nehemiah's time (
10:7
).
ABILENE (Gr. Abilene, probably from Heb., meadow). The tetrarchy of Lysanias (
Luke 3:1
) near Anti-Lebanon.
ABIMELECH (Heb. avimelekh, probably either the father is king or the father of a king). 1. The name (or dynastic
title) of a Philistine king of Gerar to whom Abraham said that Sarah was his sister. Struck by her beauty,
Abimelech took her to marry her, but, warned by God, he immediately returned her to Abraham (
Gen 20:1-18
).
Later, when their servants contended over a well, the two men made a covenant (
21:22-34
). 2. A second king of
Gerar, probably the son of the first-mentioned Abimelech. At his court Isaac tried to pass off Rebekah as his sister
(
26:1-11
). Later their servants quarreled, and they made a covenant, as Abraham and the first Abimelech had done.
3. The son of Gideon by a concubine (
Judg 8:31
;
9:1-57
). After Gideon died and aspiring to be king, he murdered
70 sons of his father. Only Jotham escaped. Abimelech was then made king of Shechem. After three years,
rebellion broke out against him; he attacked and destroyed his own city of Shechem. Later he was killed while
besieging nearby Thebez. 4. A Philistine king mentioned in the title of
Psalm 34
. He is very likely the same as
Achish, king of Gath (
1 Sam 21:10-22:1
), with whom David sought refuge when he fled from Saul. 5. A priest in
the days of David, a son of Abiathar; also called Ahimelech (
1 Chron 18:16
;
24:6
).
ABINADAB (Heb. avinadhav, the father is generous). 1. A man living in Kiriath Jearim to whose home the ark
was brought from the land of the Philistines. About a century later, David removed the ark to Jerusalem (
1 Sam
7:1-2
;
2 Sam 6:3
;
1 Chron 13:7
). 2. The second of Jesse's eight sons. He was in Saul's army when Goliath gave his
challenge (
1 Sam 16:8
;
17:13
;
1 Chron 2:13
). 3. A son of Saul killed with his father by the Philistines at Mt. Gilboa
(
1 Sam 31:2
;
1 Chron 8:33
;
9:39
;
10:2
). 4. The father of a son-in-law of Solomon (
1 Kings 4:11
).
ABIRAM (Heb. aviram, the father is exalted). 1. A Reubenite who with his brothers Dathan and Korah conspired
against Moses and was destroyed by God (
Num 16
). 2. Eldest son of Hiel (
1 Kings 16:34
).
ABISHAG (Heb. avishagh, the father wanders, or errs). A Shunamite woman who nursed David in his old age (
1
Kings 1:3
,
15
). Solomon had Adonijah, his elder half-brother, executed for asking permission to marry her (
2:17
ff.), possibly because by marrying the household woman of a former king Adonijah would have been making a
claim to the throne.
ABISHAI (Heb. avishay, meaning is doubtful). Son of David's sister Zeruiah, and brother of Joab and Asahel. He
was impetuous and courageous, cruel and hard to his foes, but always intensely loyal to David. He counseled David
to kill the sleeping Saul (
1 Sam 26:6-9
). He aided Joab in the murder of Abner, who had slain their brother Asahel
(
2 Sam 3:30
). He was loyal to David when Absalom and Sheba revolted, and he wanted to kill Shimei for cursing
David (
16:5-14
). He defeated a large army of Edomites (
1 Chron 18:12-13
). Late in David's life he rescued the king
in the fight with Ishbi-Benob, the Philistine giant (
2 Sam 21:17
).
ABISHALOM (See
ABSALOM
)
ABISHUA (Heb. avishua, perhaps the father is salvation or noble). 1. The son of Phinehas the priest (
1 Chron 6:4-
5
,
50
;
Ezra 7:5
). 2. A Benjamite (
1 Chron 8:4
).
ABNER (Heb. avner, the father is a lamp). The son of Ner, who was the brother of Kish, the father of King Saul.
Abner was the commander-in-chief of Saul's army (
1 Sam 14:50
). He brought David to Saul following the slaying
of Goliath (
17:55-58
). Later, David rebuked Abner for his failure to adequately guard Saul while he was pursuing
David (
26:5-16
).
At Saul's death, Abner had Saul's son Ish-Bosheth made king over Israel (
2 Sam 2:8
). David's servants
overwhelmingly defeated Abner and his men. During the retreat from this battle, Abner killed Asahel, Joab's
brother, in self-defense (
2:12-32
).
After Abner and Ish-Bosheth had a quarrel over Saul's concubine, Abner joined David, but Joab (pretending to
believe he was a spy) murdered him to avenge the death of his brother (
2 Sam 3:6-27
). David composed a lament
for the occasion (
3:33-34
).
ABOMINATION, ABOMINATION OF DESOLATION The word abomination occurs rarely in the NIV (e.g.,
Prov 26:25
;
Isa 66:3
;
Dan 9:27
;
11:31
;
12:11
; cf. "abominable,"
Isa 66:17
;
Jer 32:34
). The idea is, however, much
more widespread, most often expressed in the NIV by detest and the detestable. Two main Hebrew words are
involved: (1) shiqqutz, used of idols, of the gods represented by idols, of forbidden practices, and generally of
anything contrary to the worship and religion of the Lord. The related noun sheqetz is used of idols in animal form,
forbidden foods, and generally of anything bringing ceremonial defilement. (2) Toevah , often synonymous with
shiqqutz, is also used in wider areas of life; things related to idols, false gods themselves, forbidden sexual
practices, prophecy leading to the worship of other gods, offering blemished animals in sacrifice, and heathen
divination (or anything that challenges God's authority).
Interpreters differ on the references of Daniel to some notable and frightful abomination (
Dan 9:27
;
11:31
;
12:11
).
Many continue to hold that
Daniel 11:31
was fulfilled in 186 B.C., when the Syrian Antiochus Epiphanes set up an
altar in the Jerusalem temple and sacrificed a pig on it. But
Matthew 24:15
and
Mark 13:14
make it clear that Jesus
understood the "abomination" as still to come. Some understand the Lord to refer to some horrifying act of
sacrilege during the period of the Jewish revolt and the sack of Jerusalem by the Romans in A.D. 70. The reference
may be to Jewish zealot rebels who actually set up their military headquarters in the Holy Place. Other interpreters,
however, understand the Lord to be speaking not of the fall of Jerusalem but of the end-time itself, immediately
prior to his own coming; and they link the setting up of the abomination with the appearance and activity of the
man of sin (
2 Thess 2:3-4
,
8-9
).
ABRAHAM (Heb. avraham, father of a multitude; earlier name Abram, Heb. avram, exalted father). Son of Terah,
founder of the Hebrew nation and father of the people of God, he descended from Noah through Shem (
Gen 11:10
ff.) and was called out of an idolatrous background (
Josh 24:2
). After the death of his brother Haran (
Gen 11:28
),
Abram moved in obedience to a divine vision (
Acts 7:2-4
) from Ur of the Chaldees in Mesopotamia to the city of
Haran in the extreme north of Palestine. He was accompanied by his father, Terah; his wife and half-sister, Sarai;
and his nephew Lot (
Gen 11:31-32
).
Genesis records the development of Abraham's faith; imperfect faith (
Genesis 12-13
), growing faith (
chs 14-17
),
and mature faith (
18-25:10
). At age 75 (
12:4
) Abram was commanded to leave all and go out into the unknown
(
12:1-3
). In faith he obeyed, but, contrary to the command to leave his "father's household," he took his nephew Lot
with him, laying the foundation for considerable future trouble (
chs 13
,
19
). When Abram arrived in Canaan (
12:6
),
God confirmed the promise that this was the land Abram's descendants would possess (
12:7
), but the imperfection
of Abram's faith again appeared. Although assured by God that he was in the right place, Abram deserted Canaan
for Egypt in a time of famine and, still uncertain whether the Lord could preserve him in trouble, tried to pass off
Sarai as his sister, hoping to purchase his own safety at her expense (
12:10-20
). God protected the chosen family in
Egypt (
12:17-20
) and then, when Abram tried to solve family problems (
13:7
) by dividing up the Promised Land,
reaffirmed (
13:14-17
) that none but Abram and his descendants could inherit the promises.
In
Genesis 14
Abram first opposed the kings (
14:13-16
) and then refused the world's wealth (
14:21-24
). The Lord
was not slow to respond in both regards (
15:1
). But the richness of the divine response provoked Abram to question
the point of it all, for he had no son to inherit what the Lord would give him. This leads to that high moment of
faith when Abram, fully aware that every human aspect of the situation was against him (
Rom 4:18-21
), rested
wholly and absolutely on God's promise; this is the faith that justifies (
Gen 15:4-6
).
The Lord confirmed his promises of children and land in a great covenant sign (
Gen 15:7-21
), but Abram and
Sarai, tired of waiting (
ch 16
), turned from the way of faith to a human expedient that was permitted; even
expected; by the laws of the day: a childless couple might "have children" through a secondary wife. In gentle
grace God picked up the pieces of Hagar's broken life (
16:7-16
) and reaffirmed his covenant with Abram (
17:1
ff.).
Genesis 17:17-22:19
is the tale of two sons. Abraham deeply loved his sons Ishmael and Isaac (
17:18
;
21:11-12
),
yet he was called to give them both up; in faith that the Lord would keep his promises concerning them (
21:11-13
;
22:1-18
). The Lord did not spring these great decisions on Abraham but prepared him for them by his experience
over Lot and Sodom (
chs 18-19
).
Quietly the underlining of the maturity of Abraham's faith proceeds: Sarah was laid to rest within the Promised
Land by her husband, who was planning to be buried there himself, awaiting the fulfillment of the promise of
possession. Sternly Abraham's servant was forbidden to move Isaac away from the place of promise (
Gen 24:6-7
),
for even if Isaac had to marry a Canaanite girl (
24:8
), he was not to leave the land designated by God.
In the NT Paul stresses Abraham's faith as simple trust in God's promises (
Rom 4:18-22
); Hebrews notes the
patience of faith (
Heb 11:8-16
; cf.
Heb 6:11-13
); and James brings out the obedience of faith (
James 2:21-23
).
ABRAHAM'S SIDE (
Luke 16:22-23
; "Abraham's bosom" in JB, KJV, NASB, and RSV) indicates blessedness
after death, since closeness to the founder of the Hebrew nation was considered the highest honor.
ABRAM (See
ABRAHAM
)
ABSALOM (Heb. avshalom, father [is] peace, written Abishalom in
1 Kings 15:2
,
10
). Third son of David, by
Maacah (
2 Sam 3:3
;
1 Chron 3:2
). Amnon, David's eldest son and Absalom's half-brother, raped Absalom's sister
Tamar (
2 Sam 13:1-19
). David, though greatly angered, never punished Amnon (
13:21
). Absalom nursed his hatred
for two years, then treacherously plotted Amnon's assassination (
13:22-29
). Absalom fled to his grandfather and
remained with him three years (
13:37-38
). Then Joab by stratagem induced David to recall Absalom, but David
would not see him for two years more (
14:1-24
). Absalom was finally restored to favor after he tricked Joab into
interceding with David (
14:28
,
33
).
"In all Israel there was not a man so highly praised for his handsome appearance as Absalom," and for the
abundance of his hair (
2 Sam 14:25-26
). He had three sons and a daughter, whom he named Tamar after his sister.
Absalom now began to act like a candidate for the kingship (
15:1-6
), parading a great retinue and subtly indicating
how he would improve the administration of justice in the interests of the people.
At the end of four years Absalom pretended a proper motive for visiting Hebron and there proclaimed himself king
and attracted the disaffected to his standard (
2 Sam 15:7-14
). David hastily left Jerusalem (
15:13-18
). Ahithophel
advised Absalom to attack David at once, before he could gather a large following (
17:1-4
). Hushai (secretly loyal
to David) advised delay until all the military power of the realm could be gathered under the command of Absalom
himself, to make sure they had a force large enough to defeat the warlike David and his loyal soldiers (
17:5-14
).
Absalom, following a compromise plan, was disastrously defeated (
18:1-8
); he was caught by his head in the
branches of an oak, and the mule he was riding left him dangling helpless there. Killed by Joab and his men,
Absalom was buried in a nearby pit (
18:9-17
).
David's great and prolonged grief over the death of his son nearly cost him the loyalty of his subjects (
2 Sam 18:33-
19:8
). David's failure to fairly rule the entire nation may be seen in the ease with which Absalom attracted the
northern tribes (later Israel), and boded ill for the future of a united kingdom.
ABSTINENCE (Gr. apechomai). The verb abstain occurs six times and means "hold oneself away from." The noun
abstinence occurs once in the KJV (Gr. asitia,
Acts 27:21
) and means abstinence from food. The decree of the
Jerusalem council (
15:20
,
29
) commanded abstinence from practices abhorrent to Jewish Christians. Believers are
to abstain from idolatry, fornication, all appearance of evil, and sinful desires (
Rom 14:21
;
1 Cor 8:4-13
;
1 Thess
4:3
;
5:22
;
1 Peter 2:11
). The injunctions regarding drunkenness and sobriety (
1 Cor 5:11
;
6:9-10
;
Eph 5:18
;
1 Tim
3:3
,
8
;
Titus 2:2-4
) point to the wisdom of total abstinence from alcoholic beverages if one would be at his best for
the Lord.
ABYSS (Gr. abyssos). In the NT it refers to the world of the dead (
Rom 10:7
) or the nether world, the prison of
disobedient spirits (
Luke 8:31
;
Rev 9:1-2
,
11
;
11:7
;
17:8
;
20:1-3
). In classical Greek it meant the primeval deep; in
later Judaism it included the interior depths of the earth and the prison of evil spirits.
ACACIA (See
PLANTS
)
ACBOR (Heb. akhbor, mouse). 1. The father of a king of Edom (
Gen 36:38-39
;
1 Chron 1:49
). 2. A messenger sent
by King Josiah to inquire of the Lord concerning the book found by Hilkiah (
2 Kings 22:12
,
14
; called Abdon in
2
Chron 34:20
); father of Elnathan (
Jer 26:22
;
36:12
).
ACCAD (See
AKKAD
)
ACCO, ACCHO (Heb. akko,
Judg 1:31
). The name occurs in some manuscripts and versions of
Joshua 19:30
. In
the NT, Ptolemais; modern Arabic, Akka; English, Acre. A seaport near Mt. Carmel. Paul stayed there a day with
Christian brethren on his way from Tyre to Caesarea (
Acts 21:7
). The Ptolemies of Egypt named it Ptolemais; later
it was called St. Jean d'Acre by the Crusaders.
ACCUSER (See
SATAN
)
ACELDAMA (See
AKELDAMA
)
ACHAIA (Gr. Achaia). In NT times a Roman province that included the Peloponnesus and northern Greece south
of Illyricum, Epirus, and Thessaly, which were districts of Macedonia. Corinth was the capital. Used together,
"Macedonia and Achaia" generally mean all Greece (
Acts 19:21
;
Rom 15:26
;
1 Thess 1:7-8
). Achaia is also
mentioned alone (
Acts 18:27
;
1 Cor 16:15
;
2 Cor 1:1
;
9:2
;
11:10
).
ACHAICUS (Gr. Achaikos). A Corinthian Christian who brought supplies to Paul at Ephesus (
1 Cor 16:17-19
).
ACHAN (Heb. akhan). An Israelite who disobediently took spoils from Jericho (gold, silver, and a garment), which
resulted in Israel's defeat at Ai. By a process of elimination Achan was found out; he confessed, and he and his
family were stoned to death in the valley of Achor (
Josh 7
). Disobedience had consequences for the family (
Exod
20:5-6
) as well as the people of God. In
1 Chronicles 2:7
, he is called "Achar," the man of disaster.
ACHAR (See
ACHAN
)
ACHAZ (See
AHAZ
)
ACHBOR (See
ACBOR
)
ACHISH (Heb. akhish). King of Gath, to whom David fled twice for protection (
1 Sam 21:10-15
). First, David
pretended insanity; Achish repulsed him, and David fled. The next time David consented to join Achish against
Israel, but when the Philistine lords objected, Achish sent David away (
29:1-11
). He may be the same Achish to
whom Shimei's servant fled (
1 Kings 2:39-40
).
ACHMETHA (See
ECBATANA
)
ACHOR (Heb. akhor, disaster; see ACHAN). The valley where Achan was stoned (
Josh 7:24-26
; cf.
15:7
); the
subject of prophecy (
Isa 65:10
;
Hos 2:15
).
ACHSAH, ACHSA (See
ACSAH
)
ACHSHAPH (See
ACSHAPH
)
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