Encyclopedia of Marine Science.pdf

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF

MARINE SCIENCE

C ontributors

Contributors

Craig Bonn Beaufort Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Kyle R. Dedrick Marine Information Resources Corporation

Matthew Keene Duke Marine Laboratory

David L. Porter Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory

Elijah W. Ramsey III U.S. Geological Survey, National Wetlands Research Center

Royce Randlett, Jr. Helix Mooring Systems

Robert C. Smoot, IV McDonogh School

Bradley Weymer

Texas A&M University,

Ocean Drilling Program

Photo Research

Glenn R. Williams

Tryon Palace Historic Sites & Gardens

Barbara Williams

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF

MARINE SCIENCE

C. REID NICHOLS

PRESIDENT AND OCEANOGRAPHER

MARINE INFORMATION RESOURCES CORPORATION

ELLICOTT CITY, MARYLAND

AND

ROBERT G. WILLIAMS, PH.D.

SENIOR SCIENTIST

MARINE INFORMATION RESOURCES CORPORATION

ADJUNCT INSTRUCTOR

CRAVEN COMMUNITY COLLEGE

NEW BERN, NORTH CAROLINA

Dedicated to Gerhard Neumann (1911–1996),

Willard J. Pierson, Ph.D (1922–2003),

James Edward Paquin, Ph.D (1940–2004),

and Franklin E. Kniskern, Ph.D (1940–2008)

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MArINE SCIENCE

or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Nichols, C. Reid.

Encyclopedia of marine science / authors, C. Reid Nichols and Robert G. Williams

[and others].

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN-13: 978-0-8160-5022-2 (alk. paper)

ISBN-10: 0-8160-5022-8 (alk. paper)

1. Marine science—Encyclopedias. I. Williams, Robert G. II. Title.

GC9.N53 2009

551.4603—dc22 2007045166

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