ASHRAE-2008 - HVAC Systems and Equipment(1).PDF - HVAC - ryju58

2008 HVAC Systems

and Equipment (I-P Edition)

Commercial Resources

ASHRAE's Online Bookstore

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Contributors

Preface

Technical Committees, Task Groups, and Technical

Resource Groups

S13. Condenser Water Systems

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S14. Medium- and High-Temperature Water Heating Systems

S15. Infrared Radiant Heating

AIR-CONDITIONING AND HEATING SYSTEMS

S16. Ultraviolet Lamp Systems

S01. HVAC System Analysis and Selection

S17. Combustion Turbine Inlet Cooling

S02. Decentralized Cooling and Heating

AIR-HANDLING EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS

S03. Central Cooling and Heating

S18. Duct Construction

S04. Air Handling and Distribution

S19. Room Air Distribution Equipment

S05. In-Room Terminal Systems

S20. Fans

S06. Panel Heating and Cooling

S21. Humidifiers

S07. Combined Heat and Power Systems

S22. Air-Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils

S08. Applied Heat Pump and Heat Recovery Systems

S23. Desiccant Dehumidification and Pressure-Drying Equipment

S09. Design of Small Forced-Air Heating and

S24. Mechanical Dehumidifiers and Related Components

Cooling Systems

S10. Steam Systems

S25. Air-to-Air Energy Recovery Equipment

S26. Air-Heating Coils

S11. District Heating and Cooling

S27. Unit Ventilators, Unit Heaters, and

More . . .

S12. Hydronic Heating and Cooling System Design

Makeup Air Units

2008 HVAC Systems

and Equipment (I-P Edition)

Commercial Resources

ASHRAE's Online Bookstore

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S28. Air Cleaners for Particulate Contaminants

GENERAL COMPONENTS

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S29. Industrial Gas Cleaning and Air Pollution

S43. Centrifugal Pumps

Control Equipment

S44. Motors, Motor Controls, and Variable-Speed Pumps

HEATING EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS

S45. Pipes, Tubes, and Fittings

S30. Automatic Fuel-Burning Equipment

S46. Valves

S31. Boilers

S47. Heat Exchangers

S32. Furnaces

PACKAGED, UNITARY, AND SPLIT-SYSTEM EQUIPMENT

S33. Residential In-Space Heating Equipment

S48. Unitary Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps

S34. Chimney, Vent, and Fireplace Systems

S49. Room Air Conditioners and Packaged Terminal

S35. Hydronic Heat-Distributing Units and Radiators

Air Conditioners

S36. Solar Energy Equipment

GENERAL

COOLING EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS

S50. Thermal Storage

S37. Compressors

S51. Codes and Standards

S38. Condensers

Additions and Corrections to the 2005,

2006, and 2007 volumes

S39. Cooling Towers

S40. Evaporative Air-Cooling Equipment

Index

Back . . .

S41. Liquid Coolers

S42. Liquid-Chilling Systems

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ASHRAE TECHNICAL COMMITTEES, TASK GROUPS, AND

TECHNICAL RESOURCE GROUPS

SECTION 1.0—FUNDAMENTALS AND GENERAL

1.1 Thermodynamics and Psychrometrics

1.2 Instruments and Measurements

1.3 Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow

1.4 Control Theory and Application

1.5 Computer Applications

1.6 Terminology

1.7 Business, Management, and General Legal Education

1.8 Mechanical Systems Insulation

1.9 Electrical Systems

1.10 Cogeneration Systems

1.11 Electric Motors and Motor Control

1.12 Moisture Management in Buildings

TG1 Exergy Analysis for Sustainable Buildings (EXER)

SECTION 2.0—ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

2.1 Physiology and Human Environment

2.2 Plant and Animal Environment

2.3 Gaseous Air Contaminants and Gas Contaminant

Removal Equipment

2.4 Particulate Air Contaminants and Particulate

Contaminant Removal Equipment

2.5 Global Climate Change

2.6 Sound and Vibration Control

2.7 Seismic and Wind Restraint Design

2.8 Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability

2.9 Ultraviolet Air and Surface Treatment

TG2 Blast, Chemical, and Biological Remediation

SECTION 3.0—MATERIALS AND PROCESSES

3.1 Refrigerants and Secondary Coolants

3.2 Refrigerant System Chemistry

3.3 Refrigerant Contaminant Control

3.4 Lubrication

3.6 Water Treatment

3.8 Refrigerant Containment

TG3 HVAC&R Contractors and Design-Build Firms (CDBF)

SECTION 4.0—LOAD CALCULATIONS AND ENERGY

REQUIREMENTS

4.1 Load Calculation Data and Procedures

4.2 Climatic Information

4.3 Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration

4.4 Building Materials and Building Envelope Performance

4.5 Fenestration

4.7 Energy Calculations

4.10 Indoor Environmental Modeling

TRG4 Sustainable Building Guidance and Metrics (SBGM)

SECTION 5.0—VENTILATION AND AIR DISTRIBUTION

5.1 Fans

5.2 Duct Design

5.3 Room Air Distribution

5.4 Industrial Process Air Cleaning (Air Pollution Control)

5.5 Air-to-Air Energy Recovery

5.6 Control of Fire and Smoke

5.7 Evaporative Cooling

5.8 Industrial Ventilation Systems

5.9 Enclosed Vehicular Facilities

5.10 Kitchen Ventilation

5.11 Humidifying Equipment

SECTION 6.0—HEATING EQUIPMENT, HEATING AND

COOLING SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS

6.2 District Energy

6.3 Central Forced-Air Heating and Cooling Systems

6.5 Radiant and In-Space Convective Heating and Cooling

6.6 Service Water Heating

6.7 Solar Energy Utilization

6.8 Geothermal Energy Utilization

6.9 Thermal Storage

6.10 Fuels and Combustion

SECTION 7.0—BUILDING PERFORMANCE

7.1 Integrated Building Design

7.3 Operation and Maintenance Management

7.4 Building Operation Dynamics

7.5 Smart Building Systems

7.6 Systems Energy Utilization

7.7 Testing and Balancing

7.8 Owning and Operating Costs

7.9 Building Commissioning

TRG7 Tools for Sustainable Building Operations, Maintenance,

and Cost Analysis (SBOMC)

TRG7 Underfloor Air Distribution (UFAD)

SECTION 8.0—AIR-CONDITIONING AND

REFRIGERATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS

8.1 Positive Displacement Compressors

8.2 Centrifugal Machines

8.3 Absorption and Heat-Operated Machines

8.4 Air-to-Refrigerant Heat Transfer Equipment

8.5 Liquid-to-Refrigerant Heat Exchangers

8.6 Cooling Towers and Evaporative Condensers

8.8 Refrigerant System Controls and Accessories

8.9 Residential Refrigerators and Food Freezers

8.10 Mechanical Dehumidification Equipment and Heat Pipes

8.11 Unitary and Room Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps

8.12 Desiccant Dehumidification Equipment and Components

TG8 Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF)

SECTION 9.0—BUILDING APPLICATIONS

9.1 Large-Building Air-Conditioning Systems

9.2 Industrial Air Conditioning

9.3 Transportation Air Conditioning

9.4 Applied Heat Pump/Heat Recovery Systems

9.5 Residential and Small-Building Applications

9.6 Healthcare Facilities

9.7 Educational Facilities

9.8 Large-Building Air-Conditioning Applications

9.9 Mission-Critical Facilities, Technology Spaces and

Electronic Equipment

9.10 Laboratory Systems

9.11 Clean Spaces

9.12 Tall Buildings

TG9 Justice Facilities

SECTION 10.0—REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS

10.1 Custom-Engineered Refrigeration Systems

10.2 Automatic Icemaking Plants and Skating Rinks

10.3 Refrigerant Piping

10.4 Ultralow-Temperature Systems and Cryogenics

10.5 Refrigerated Distribution and Storage Facilities

10.6 Transport Refrigeration

10.7 Commercial Food and Beverage Cooling Display and

Storage

10.8 Refrigeration Load Calculations

10.9 Refrigeration Application for Foods and Beverages

10.10 Management of Lubricant in Circulation

6.1

Hydronic and Steam Equipment and Systems

Related Commercial Resources

CHAPTER 1

HVAC SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND SELECTION

Selecting a System ...................................................................... 1.1

HVAC Systems and Equipment .................................................. 1.3

Space Requirements ................................................................... 1.5

Air Distribution .......................................................................... 1.7

Pipe Distribution ........................................................................ 1.7

Security ....................................................................................... 1.8

Automatic Controls and Building

Management System ............................................................... 1.8

Maintenance Management System ............................................. 1.8

Building System Commissioning ................................................ 1.9

A in a space. In almost every application, many options are

available to the design engineer to satisfy a client’s building pro-

gram and design intent. In the analysis, selection, and combination

of these options, the design engineer should consider the criteria

defined here, as well as project-specific parameters to achieve the

functional requirements associated with the project design intent.

The design engineer should consider sustainability as it pertains to

responsible energy and environmental design, as well as construct-

ability of the design.

HVAC systems are categorized by the method used to produce,

deliver, and control heating, ventilating, and air conditioning in the

conditioned area. This chapter addresses procedures for selecting

the appropriate system for a given application while taking into

account pertinent issues associated with designing, building, com-

missioning, operating, and maintaining the system. It also describes

and defines the design concepts and characteristics of basic HVAC

systems. Chapters 2 to 5 describe specific systems and their

attributes, based on their heating and cooling medium and com-

monly used variations, constructability, commissioning, operation,

and maintenance.

This chapter is intended as a guide for the design engineer,

builder, facility manager, and student needing to know or reference

the analysis and selection process that leads to recommending the

optimum system for the job. The approach applies to HVAC con-

version, building system upgrades, system retrofits, building reno-

vations and expansion, and new construction for any building:

small, medium, large, below grade, at grade, low-rise, and high-

rise. This system analysis and selection process ( Figure 1 ) helps

determine the optimum system(s) for any building. Regardless of

facility type, analysis examines objective, subjective, short-term,

and long-term goals.

Fig. 1 Process Flow Diagram

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SELECTING A SYSTEM

The design engineer is responsible for considering various sys-

tems and recommending one or two systems that will meet the

project goals and perform as desired. It is imperative that the design

engineer and owner collaborate to identify and prioritize criteria

associated with the design goal. In addition, if the project has pre-

construction services, the designer and operator should consult with

the construction manager to take advantage of the constructability

and consider value-engineered options. Occupant comfort, process

heating, and cooling or ventilation criteria may be considered,

including the following:

• Temperature

• Humidity

• Air motion

• Air purity or quality

The preparation of this chapter is assigned to TC 9.1, Large Building Air-

Conditioning Systems.

Fig. 1 Process Flow Diagram

(Courtesy RDK Engineers)

1.1

N HVAC system maintains desired environmental conditions

1.2

2008 ASHRAE Handbook—HVAC Systems and Equipment

d r e . © 8 , .

• Air changes per hour

• Air and/or water velocity requirements

• Local climate

• Space pressure requirements

• Capacity requirements, from a load calculation analysis

• Redundancy

• Spatial requirements

• Security concerns

•First cost

• Operating cost, including energy and power costs

• Maintenance cost

• Reliability

• Flexibility

• Life-cycle analysis

• Sustainability of design

• Acoustics and vibration

• Mold and mildew prevention

Because these factors are interrelated, the owner, design engi-

neer, and operator must consider how these criteria affect each

other. The relative importance of factors such as these varies with

different owners, and often changes from one project to another for

the same owner. For example, typical owner concerns include first

cost compared to operating cost, extent and frequency of mainte-

nance and whether that maintenance requires entering the occupied

space, expected frequency of system failure, effect of failure, and

time required to correct the failure. Each concern has a different pri-

ority, depending on the owner’s goals.

Some of these constraints may significantly affect the success of the

design and cannot be overlooked in the design phase. Some issues

and concerns associated with constructability are

• Existing conditions

• Maintaining existing building occupancy and operation

• Construction budget

• Construction schedule

• Ability to phase HVAC system installation

• Equipment availability (i.e., delivery lead times)

Few projects allow detailed quantitative evaluation of all alterna-

tives. Common sense, historical data, and subjective experience can

be used to narrow choices to one or two potential systems.

Heating and air-conditioning loads often contribute to con-

straints, narrowing the choice to systems that fit in available space

and are compatible with building architecture. Chapters 29 and 30

of the 2005 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals describe meth-

ods to determine the size and characteristics of heating and air-

conditioning loads. By establishing the capacity requirement,

equipment size can be determined, and the choice may be narrowed

to those systems that work well on projects within a size range.

Loads vary over time based on occupied and unoccupied periods,

and changes in weather, type of occupancy, activities, internal loads,

and solar exposure. Each space with a different use and/or exposure

may require a different control zone to maintain space comfort.

Some areas with special requirements (e.g., ventilation require-

ments) may need individual systems. The extent of zoning, degree

of control required in each zone, and space required for individual

zones also narrow system choices.

No matter how efficiently a particular system operates or how

economical it is to install, it can only be considered if it (1) maintains

the desired building space environment within an acceptable toler-

ance under all conditions and occupant activities and (2) physically

fits into, on, or adjacent to the building without being objectionable.

Cooling and humidity control are often the basis of sizing

HVAC components and subsystems, but the system may also be

determined based on ventilation criteria. For example, if large

quantities of outside air are required for ventilation or to replace air

exhausted from the building, only systems that transport large air

volumes need to be considered.

Effective heat delivery to an area may be equally important in

selection. A distribution system that offers high efficiency and com-

fort for cooling may be a poor choice for heating. The cooling,

humidity, and/or heat delivery performance compromises may be

small for one application in one climate, but may be unacceptable in

another that has more stringent requirements.

HVAC systems and associated distribution systems often occupy

a significant amount of space . Major components may also require

special support from the structure. The size and appearance of ter-

minal devices (e.g., grilles, registers, diffusers, fan-coil units, radi-

ant panels) affect architectural design because they are visible in the

occupied space.

Construction budget constraints can also influence the choice

of HVAC systems. Based on historical data, some systems may not

be economically feasible for an owner’s building program. In addi-

tion, annual maintenance and operating budget (utilities, labor, and

materials) should be an integral part of any system analysis and

selection process. This is particularly important for building owners

who will retain the building for a substantial number of years.

Value-engineered solutions can offer (1) cost-driven performance,

which may provide for a better solution for lower first cost; (2) a

more sustainable solution over the life of the equipment; or (3) best

value based on a reasonable return on investment.

Sustainable energy consumption can be compromised and

long-term project success can be lost if building operators are not

trained to efficiently and effectively operate and maintain the build-

ing systems. For projects in which the design engineer used some

Additional Goals

In addition to the primary goal of providing the desired environ-

ment, the design engineer should be aware of and account for other

goals the owner may require. These goals may include the following:

• Supporting a process, such as operation of computer equipment

• Promoting a germ-free environment

• Increasing sales

• Increasing net rental income

• Increasing property salability

The owner can only make appropriate value judgments if the

design engineer provides complete information on the advantages

and disadvantages of each option. Just as the owner does not usually

know the relative advantages and disadvantages of different HVAC

systems, the design engineer rarely knows all the owner’s financial

and functional goals. Hence, the owner must be involved in system

selection in the conceptual phase of the job. The same can be said for

operator participation so that the final design is sustainable.

System Constraints

Once the goal criteria and additional goal options are listed,

many constraints must be determined and documented. These con-

straints may include the following:

• Performance limitations (e.g., temperature, humidity, space pressure)

• Available capacity

• Available space

• Available utility source

• Available infrastructure

• Building architecture

The design engineer should closely coordinate the system con-

straints with the rest of the design team, as well as the owner, to

overcome design obstacles associated with the HVAC systems

under consideration for the project.

Constructability Constraints

The design engineer should take into account HVAC system

issues before the project reaches the construction document phase.

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