Frederick Copleston - A History of Philosophy, Vol. 3.pdf - Copleston, Frederick (1907-1994) - Michal_Raj

A HISTORY

PHILOSOPHY

A HISTORY

PHILOSOPHY

VOLUME III

Late Medieval and

Renaissance Philosophy

Frederick Copleston, S.J.

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DOUBLEDAY

New York London Toronto Sydney Auckland

Chapter

CONTENTS

Page

VII

FOREWORD

I. INTRODUCTION

AN IMAGE BOOK

PUBLISHED BY DOUBLEDAY

a division of Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc.

1540 Broadway, New York, New York 10036

Thirtecnth century-Fourtcenth century c.ontrasted with

thirteenth-Philosophies .of the Rcnaissance-Hevival of

Scholasticism.

PART I

THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY

IMAGE, DOUBLEDAY, and the portrayal of a deer drinking

from a stream are trademarks of Doubleday, a division of

Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc.

II. DURA!"<DUS AND PETRUS AUREOLI

James of Metz-Durandus-Petrus Aureoli-Henry of Har-

clay-Tht: relation of these thinkers to Ockhamism.

First Image Books edition of Volume III of A History of Philosophy published

1963 by special arrangement with The Newman Press.

III. OCKHAM (1)

Life-Works-Unity of thought.

This Image edition published April 1993

IV. OCKHAM (2)

Ockham and the metaphysic of essences-Peter of Spain and

the tcrminist logic-Otkham's logic and tll<;.ory .of universals

-Heal and rati.onal science-Necessary truths and ucmon-

stration.

V. OCKHAM (3)

Intuitive knowledge-God's power to cause intuitive know·

ledge of a non·nistcnt object-Contingency of the world·

order-Rdations-Causality-Motion and time-Conclusion.

De Licentia Superiorum Ordinis: E. Helsham, S.J., Praep. Provo Ang!iae

Nihil Obstat: J. L. Russel, S.J. Censor Deputatus

Imprimatur: Joseph, Archiepiscopus BirmiDgamiensis Die 4 Januarii 1952

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Copleston, Frederick Charles.

A history of philosophy / Frederick Copleston.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and indexes.

Contents: v.I. Greece and Rome-v. 2. Augustine to Scotus-v.

3. Middle Ages and early Renaissance.

1. Philosophy, Ancient. 2. Philosophy, Medieval. 3. Philosophy,

Renaissance. I. Title.

B72.C62 1993

190-dc20 92-34997

CIP

ISBN 0·385·46845·8

3 5 798 6 4 2

VI. OCKHAM (4)

The subject·matter of metaphysics-The uuivocal concept of

being-The existence of God-Our knowledge of God's nature

-The divine ideas-God's knowledge 01 future contingent

t.>vents-The divine will and omnipotence.

VI I. OCKHAM (5)

That an immaterial and incorruptible soul is the form of the

body cannot be philosophically proved-The plurality 01

really distinct forms in man-The rational soul possesses no

really distinct facultlCs-The human person-Freedom-

Ockham's ethical theory.

VII I. OCKHAM (6)

1 II

The dispute on evangelical poverty, and the doctrine of

natural rights-Political sovereignty is not derived from the

spiritual power-The relation of the people to their rull"r-

How far were Ockham's political ideas novel or revolutionary?

-The pope's position within the Church.

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

CONTENTS

Cllapt.r

IX. THE OCKHAMIST MOVEMENT: JOHN OF MIRECOURT AND

NICHOLAS OF AUTRECOURT

The Ockhamist or nominalist movement:-John of Mirecourt

-Nicholas of Autrecourt-Nominalism In the UOlversltles--

Concluding remarks,

Chapter

XVIII. THE SCIENTIFIC MOVEMENT OF THE RENAISSANCE

General remarks on the influence of science on philosophy-

Renaissance science; the empirical basis of science, controlled

experiment, hypothesis and astronomy, mathematics, the

mechanistic view of the world-The influence of Renaissance

science on philosophy,

Pal'

275

122

X. THE SciENTIFIC MOVEMENT

Physical science in the thirteenth and fourteenth cent':lries-

The problem of motion; impetus, and ~ravlty-Nlch~llI:s

Oresme; the hypothesis of the ea~th ~ rotat\(~n-The pos,slbl-

lity of other worlds--Some ~ienbfic Implications of Donunal-

ism; and implications of the Impetus theory,

153

XIX, FRANCIS BACON

English philosophy of the Renaissance-Bacon's life and

writings-The classification of the sciences--Induction and

'the idols',

XX, POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

General remarks--Niccol6 Machiavelli-St. Thomas More-

Richard Hooker-Jean Bodin-Joannes Althusius-Hugo

Grotius.

310

168

XI. MARSILI US OF PADUA

Church and State, theory and practice-Life of Marsilius-

Hostility to the papal c1aims--The nature of the, St~te a!ld ,of

law-The legislature and the executIve-Ecclesiastical Juns-

diction-Marsilius and'Averroism'-Influence of the Dtfensrw

pacis,

XII. SPECULATIVE MYSTICISM ,

Mystical writing in the fourteenth century:-Eckhart-Tauler

-Blessed Henry Suso--Ruysbroeck-Dems the Carthuslan-

German mystical speculation-Gerson,

181

PART III

SCHOLASTICISM OF THE RENAISSANCE

XXI. A GENERAL VIEW

The revival of Scholasticism-Dominican writers before the

Council of Trent; Cajetan-Later Dominican writers and

Jesuit writers--The controversy between Dominicans and

Jesuits about grace and free will-The substitution of 'philo-

sophical courses' for commentaries on Aristotle-Political and

legal theory.

335

PART II

THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE RENAISSANCE

XIII. THE REVIVAL OF PLATONISM

The Italian Renaissance-The northern Renaissance-The

revival of Platonism.

20 7

XXII. FRANCIS SUAREZ (1)

Life and works-The structure and divisions of the Disputa-

liones melaph),sicae-Metaphysics as the science of being-

The concept of being-The attributes of being-Individuation

-Analogy-God's existence-The divine nature-Essence

and existence-Substance and accident-Modes-Quantity-

Relations-Entia rationis-General remarks-Etienne Gilson

on Suarez.

353

XIV. ARISTOTELIAN ISM

21 7

Critics of the Aristotelian logic-Aristotelianism·-Stoicism

and scepticism.

XV. NICHOLAS OF CUSA

23 1

XXIII FRANCIS SUAREZ (2)

380

Life and works-The influence of Nicholas's leading idea on

his practical ac.tivity-The coincidenti" 0pposllorl4m-'ln-

structed ignorance'-The relation of God to the world-The

'infinity' of the world-The w?rld-syst~.m and,the soul of the

world-Man, the microcosm; Chnst-:-;Icholas s philosophical

aftiliations.

Philo~ophy of law and theology-The definition of law-Law

(lex) and right (ills)-The necessity of law-The eteniallaw-

The natural law-The precepts of the natural law-Ignorance

of natural law-The immutability of the natural law-The

law of .nations-Political society. sovereignty and govern-

ment-The contract theory in Suarez-The deposition of

tI'rants-Penal laws-Cessation of ht.man laws--Custom-

Church and State-War.

XVI. PHILOSOPHY OF NATURE (1)

24 8

General remarks-Girolamo Cardano--Bernardino Telesio-

Francesco Patrizzi-Tommaso Campanella-Giordano Bruno

-Pierre Gassendi.

XXIV. A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE FIRST THREE VOLUMES

406

Greek philosophy; the pre-Socratic cosmologies and the dis-

covery of Nature. Plato's theory of Forms and idea of God,

Aristotle and the explanation of change and movement, neo-

Platonism and Christianity-The importance for mediaeval

philosophy of the discovery of Aristotle-Philosophy and

theology-The rise of science.

XVII. PHILOSOPHY OF NATURE (2)

265

Agrippa von Nettesheim-Paracel~us-T~e two Van Hel-

monts-Sebastian Franck ILnd ValentlDe Welgel-Jakob Btlhme

-General remarks.

CONTENTS

APPENDICES

Page

I. HO~ORIFIC TITLES APPLIED TO PIIILOSOPHERS TREATED

FOREWORD

427

OF IN THIS VOLUME

II. A SHORT BIBLIOGRAPHY

428

THE first part of this volume is concerned with the philosophy of

the fourteenth century. A good deal in the history of the philo-

sophical thought of this period is still obscure, and no definitive

account of it can be written until we have at our disposal a much

greater number of reliable texts than are at present available.

However, in publishing the account contained in this volume I am

encouraged by the thought that the learned Franciscan scholar,

Father Philotheus Boehner, who is doing so much to shed light

on the dark places of the fourteenth century, was so kind as to

read the chapters on Ockham and to express appreciation of their

general tone. This does not mean, of course, that Father Boehner

endorses all my interpretations of Ockham. In particular he does

not agree with my view that analysis discloses two ethics implicitly

contained in Ockham's philosophy. (This view is in any case, as

I hope I have made clear in the text, a conjectural interpretation,

developed in order to account for what may seem to be in-

consistencies in Ockham's ethical philosophy.) And I do not

think that Father Boehner would express himself in quite the way

that I have done about Ockham's opinions on natural theology.

I mention these differences of interpretation only in order that,

while thanking Father Boehner for his kindness in reading the

chapters on Ockham, I may not give the impression that he agrees

with all that I have said. Moreover, as proofs were already coming

in at the time the chapters reached Father Boehner, I was unable

to make as extensive a use of his suggestions as I should otherwise

wish to have done. In conclusion I should like to express the hope

that when Father Boehner has published the texts of Ockham

which he is editing he will add a general account of the latter's

philosophy. Nobody would be better qualified to interpret the

thought of the last great English philosopher of the Middle Ages.

INDEX

448

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