Advanced Air and Noise Pollution Control.pdf

Advanced Air and Noise Pollution Control

V OLUME 2

H ANDBOOK OF E NVIRONMENTAL E NGINEERING

Advanced Air and Noise

Pollution Control

Edited by

Lawrence K. Wang, PhD , PE , DEE

Zorex Corporation, Newtonville, NY

Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Lenox, MA

Krofta Engineering Corp., Lenox, MA

Norman C. Pereira, PhD

Monsanto Corporation (Retired), St. Louis, MO

Yung-Tse Hung, PhD , PE , DEE

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH

Consulting Editor

Kathleen Hung Li, MS

999 Riverview Drive, Suite 208

Totowa, New Jersey 07512

humanapress.com

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eISBN 1-59259-779-3

Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Advanced air and noise pollution control / edited by Lawrence K. Wang, Norman C. Pereira, Yung-Tse

Hung ; consulting editor Kathleen Hung Li.

p. cm. — (Handbook of environmental engineering ; v. 2)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 1-58829-359-9 (alk. paper) eISBN 1-59259-779-3

1. Air—Pollution. 2. Air quality management. 3. Noise pollution. 4. Noise control. I. Wang,

Lawrence K. II. Pereira, Norman C. III. Hung, Yung-Tse. IV. Handbook of environmental engineering

(2004) ; v. 2.

TD170 .H37 2004 vol. 2

[TD883]

628 s—dc22

[628.5

2003023705

Preface

The past 30 years have seen the emergence worldwide of a growing desire to

take positive actions to restore and protect the environment from the degrad-

ing effects of all forms of pollution: air, noise, solid waste, and water. Since

pollution is a direct or indirect consequence of waste, the seemingly idealistic

demand for “zero discharge” can be construed as an unrealistic demand for

zero waste. However, as long as waste exists, we can only attempt to abate the

subsequent pollution by converting it to a less noxious form. Three major ques-

tions usually arise when a particular type of pollution has been identified:

(1) How serious is the pollution? (2) Is the technology to abate it available? and

(3) Do the costs of abatement justify the degree of abatement achieved? The

principal intention of the Handbook of Environmental Engineering series is to help

readers to formulate answers to the last two questions.

The traditional approach of applying tried-and-true solutions to specific

pollution problems has been a major contributing factor to the success of envi-

ronmental engineering, and has accounted in large measure for the establish-

ment of a “methodology of pollution control.” However, realization of the

ever-increasing complexity and interrelated nature of current environmental

problems renders it imperative that intelligent planning of pollution abatement

systems be undertaken. Prerequisite to such planning is an understanding of the

performance, potential, and limitations of the various methods of pollution abate-

ment available for environmental engineering. In this series of handbooks, we

will review at a tutorial level a broad spectrum of engineering systems (pro-

cesses, operations, and methods) currently being utilized, or of potential util-

ity, for pollution abatement. We believe that the unified interdisciplinary

approach in these handbooks is a logical step in the evolution of environmen-

tal engineering.

The treatment of the various engineering systems presented in Advanced Air

and Noise Pollution Control will show how an engineering formulation of the sub-

ject flows naturally from the fundamental principles and theory of chemistry,

physics, and mathematics. This emphasis on fundamental science recognizes that

engineering practice has in recent years become more firmly based on scientific

principles rather than its earlier dependency on the empirical accumulation of facts.

It is not intended, though, to neglect empiricism when such data lead quickly to

the most economic design; certain engineering systems are not readily amenable

to fundamental scientific analysis, and in these instances we have resorted to less

science in favor of more art and empiricism.

Since an environmental engineer must understand science within the con-

text of application, we first present the development of the scientific basis of a

particular subject, followed by exposition of the pertinent design concepts and

operations, and detailed explanations of their applications to environmental

quality control or improvement. Throughout the series, methods of practical

design calculation are illustrated by numerical examples. These examples

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