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Formal Syntax And Semantics Of Programming Languages
Formal Syntax
and
Semantics of
Programming Languages
A Laboratory Based Approach
Kenneth Slonneger
University of Iowa
Barry L. Kurtz
Louisiana Tech University
Addison-Wesley Publishing Company
Reading, Massachusetts • Menlo Park, California • New York • Don Mills, Ontario
Wokingham, England • Amsterdam • Bonn • Sydney • Singapoe
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4030960.001.png 4030960.002.png
Senior Acquisitions Editor: Tom Stone
Assistant Editor: Kathleen Billus
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The procedures and applications presented in this book have been included
for their instructional value. They have been tested with care but are not
guaranteed for any particular purpose. The publisher does not offer any war-
ranties or representations, nor does it accept any liabilities with respect to
the programs or applications.
Library of Congr ess Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Slonneger, Kenneth.
Formal syntax and semantics of programming languages: a laboratory
based approach / Kenneth Slonneger, Barry L. Kurtz.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-201-65697-3
1.Pr ogramming languages (Electronic computers)--Syntax.
2.Pr ogramming languages (Electronic computers)--Semantics.
I. Kurtz, Barry L. II. Title.
QA76.7.S59 1995
005.13'1--dc20
94-4203
CIP
Reproduced by Addison-Wesley from camera-ready copy supplied by the
authors.
Copyright © 1995 by Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written
permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.
ISBN 0-201-65697-3
12345678910-MA-979695
Dedications
To my father, Robert
Barry L. Kurtz
To Marybeth and my family
Ken Slonneger
Contents
Chapter 1
SPECIFYING SYNTAX
1
1.1 GRAMMARS AND BNF
2
Context-Free Grammars
4
Context-Sensitive Grammars
8
Exercises 8
1.2 THE PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE WREN
10
Ambiguity 12
Context Constraints in Wren
13
Semantic Errors in Wren
15
Exercises 16
1.3 VARIANTS OF BNF
18
Exercises 20
1.4 ABSTRACT SYNTAX 21
Abstract Syntax Trees 21
Abstract Syntax of a Programming Language
23
Exercises 29
1.5 FURTHER READING
30
Chapter 2
INTRODUCTION TO LABORATORY ACTIVITIES
31
2.1 SCANNING 33
Exercises 39
2.2 LOGIC GRAMMARS 40
Motivating Logic Grammars
41
Improving the Parser 44
Prolog Grammar Rules 46
Parameters in Grammars 47
Executing Goals in a Logic Grammar
49
Exercises 49
2.3 PARSING WREN 50
Handling Left Recursion
52
Left Factoring
55
Exercises 56
2.4 FURTHER READING
57
Chapter 3
ATTRIBUTE GRAMMARS 59
3.1 CONCEPTS AND EXAMPLES
59
Examples of Attribute Grammars
60
Formal Definitions
66
xi
4030960.003.png
xii
CONTENTS
Semantics via Attribute Grammars
67
Exercises 71
3.2 AN ATTRIBUTE GRAMMAR FOR WREN
74
The Symbol Table
74
Commands
80
Expressions
82
Exercises 90
3.3 LABORATORY: CONTEXT CHECKING WREN
92
Declarations 96
Commands 99
Expressions 101
Exercises 102
3.4 FURTHER READING
103
Chapter 4
TWO-LEVEL GRAMMARS 105
4.1 CONCEPTS AND EXAMPLES
105
Fortran String Literals
111
Derivation Trees
113
Exercises 115
4.2 A TWO-LEVEL GRAMMAR FOR WREN
116
Declarations 117
Commands and Expressions
124
Exercises 132
4.3 TWO-LEVEL GRAMMARS AND PROLOG
132
Implementing Two-Level Grammars in Prolog
133
Two-Level Grammars and Logic Programming
136
Exercises 138
4.4 FURTHER READING
138
Chapter 5
THE LAMBDA CALCULUS
139
5.1 CONCEPTS AND EXAMPLES
140
Syntax of the Lambda Calculus
140
Curried Functions 143
Semantics of Lambda Expressions
145
Exercises 146
5.2 LAMBDA REDUCTION 147
Reduction Strategies 151
Correlation with Parameter Passing
155
Constants in the Pure Lambda Calculus
156
Functional Programming Languages
158
Exercises 158
5.3 LABORATORY: A LAMBDA CALCULUS EVALUATOR
160
Scanner and Parser 160
The Lambda Calculus Evaluator
162
Exercises
165

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