Peter I. Bogucki_Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World.pdf

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF

SOCIETY AND CULTURE

IN THE

ANCIENT

VOLUME I

(adornment to crime and punishment)

PETER BOGUCKI, Editor in Chief

WORLD

Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Encyclopedia of society and culture in the ancient world / Peter Bogucki, editor in chief

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-8160-6941-5 (acid-free paper)

1. Civilization, Ancient—Encyclopedias. I. Bogucki, Peter I.

CB311.E533 2007

930.103—dc22 2007000533

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Text design by James Scotto-Lavino

Cover design by Takeshi Takahashi

Printed in the United States of America

VB FOF 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

is book is printed on acid-free paper.

Contents

Advisers and Contributors

education

375

List of Illustrations

xiii

empires and dynasties

387

List of Maps and

Primary Source Documents

employment and labor

425

exploration

435

Preface

xxiii

family

447

Introduction

xxv

festivals

461

Vo lu me I

adornment

food and diet

472

foreigners and barbarians

483

gender structures and roles

493

agriculture

government organization

507

architecture

health and disease

545

art

household goods

560

astronomy

123

hunting, shing, and gathering

571

borders and frontiers

139

illumination

583

building techniques and materials

150

inventions

592

calendars and clocks

163

Volume III

language

ceramics and pottery

174

children

187

609

cities

201

laws and legal codes

621

climate and geography

234

literature

639

clothing and footwear

272

metallurgy

677

cra s

284

migration and population movements

688

crime and punishment

296

military

725

Vo lu me I I

death and burial practices

mining, quarrying, and salt making

741

money and coinage

751

311

music and musical instruments

762

drama and theater

327

natural disasters

775

economy

341

nomadic and pastoral societies

786

numbers and counting

797

social organization

1010

occupations

807

sports and recreation

1047

pandemics and epidemics

819

storage and preservation

1061

religion and cosmology

831

textiles and needlework

1073

resistance and dissent

869

towns and villages

1085

roads and bridges

882

trade and exchange

1095

Vo lu me I V

sacred sites

transportation

1110

war and conquest

1121

897

weaponry and armor

1161

scandals and corruption

908

weights and measures

1172

science

921

writing

1183

seafaring and navigation

952

settlement patterns

961

Glossary

1195

ships and shipbuilding

974

Chronology by Region

1220

slaves and slavery

985

General Bibliography

1231

social collapse and abandonment

998

Index

1235

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