Anatomy of Sea Turtles.pdf

NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-470

The Anatomy of Sea Turtles

Jeanette Wyneken, Ph.D.

Illustrated by Dawn Witherington

December 2001

U. S. Department of Commerce

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

National Marine Fisheries Service

Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, FL 33149

NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-470

THE ANATOMY OF SEA TURTLES

Jeanette Wyneken, Ph.D.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Donald L. Evans, Secretary

NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION

Conrad C. Lautenbacher, Jr., Administrator

NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE

William T. Hogarth, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries

December 2001

Unpublished reports are used for documentation and timely communication of preliminary results,

interim reports, or special-purpose information, and have not received complete formal review, editorial

control, or detailed editing.

NOTICE

The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, recommend or endorse any proprietary

product or material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMFS, or to this

publication furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or sales promotion which would indicate or imply

that NMFS approves, recommends or endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material herein or

which has as its purpose any intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertised product to be used or

purchased because of NMFS publication.

Correct citation of this report is:

Wyneken, J. 2001. The Anatomy of Sea Turtles. U.S. Department of Commerce NOAA Technical

Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-470, 1-172 pp.

The scientific contents of the The Anatomy of Sea Turtles

Copies of this report can be obtained from:

National Marine Fisheries Service

Southeast Fisheries Science Center

75 Virginia Beach Drive

Miami, FL 33149

National Technical Information Service

5285 Port Royal Road

Springfield, VA 22161

(503) 605-6000

(800) 553-6847 (rush orders)

PREFACE

The need for an up-to-date guide to the anatomy of

sea turtles became clear toward the end of the

1900s. Increasing numbers of individuals devel-

oped the interest, talents, and techniques to study

the biology of sea turtles, contend with their ill-

nesses and injuries, and address the nature of sea

turtle mortalities. This manual was written in

response to these needs and was designed to be

accessible to a variety of users. It provides a fun-

damental background, reference photos of normal

anatomy, and diagrams to guide novice or profes-

sional biologists, stranding personnel, and veteri-

narians. Species identification, standard dissection

techniques, standard measurements, and basic

anatomy are covered with a diverse audience in

mind. While this manual does not serve as a

necropsy guide, it may serve as a reference when

conducting necropsies. It is designed particularly

with the understanding that many users will be

working with it in the field or under less-than-ideal

conditions. The Anatomy of Sea Turtles is organ-

ized so that it can be used either as a guide to dis-

section or as an anatomical reference to species

identification, standard methods, and dissection

(pp. 1-42) or as an anatomical reference to sea tur-

tle structures or systems.

provided by George Balazs, Ruth Boettcher, Mike

Bresette, Brian Cousin, Lisa Csuzdi, Nancy

DiMarco, Sheryan Epperly, Kristin Fick, Allen

Foley, Jerris Foote, T.H. Frazzetta, Ellis Greiner,

Craig Harms, Kristin Hart, Hector Horta, Elliott

Jacobson, Chris Johnson, Ken Kardong, Jennifer

Keller, Kate Kelso, Greg Lewbart, Peter Lutz,

Charles Manire, Carol Hardy McFadden, Joanne

Braun McNeill, Nancy Mette, Jeff Miller, Debra

Moore, Steve Morreale, David Owens, Joe

Parsons, Robert Prescott, Peter C. H. Pritchard,

Tony Redlow, Anders Rhodin, Kurt Rusenko,

Cheryl Ryder, Michael Salmon, Karrie Singel,

Melissa Snover, Trish Sposato, Fred Steinberg,

Kelly Stewart, Wendy Teas, Mike Walsh, James

Weege, Pat Wells, Donna Weyrich, Dale Wilke,

Blair Witherington, Wayne Witzell, and Larry

Wood. The Cayman Turtle Farm, Chelonian

Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife

Conservation Commission, Gumbo Limbo

Environmental Center, Harbor Branch

Oceanographic Institution, The Marinelife Center

of Juno Beach, Mote Marine Laboratory,

Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, National Marine

Fisheries Service-Beaufort Laboratory, National

Marine Fisheries Service-Miami Laboratory, North

Carolina Wildlife Commission, University MRI,

Inc., and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service provid-

ed access to specimens and logistical help.

Most of the photos in this guide are by the author.

However, several individuals contributed pictures

that enhanced the quality of the manual. These

include Larisa Avens, George Balazs, Peter

Bennett, Beth Chittick, Larry Crowder, Bill

Dailey, Sheryan Epperly, Craig Harms, Eve

Haverfield, Bruce Homer, Chris Johnson, Ursula

Keuper-Bennett, Joanne Braun McNeill, Anne

Meylan, David Owens, Denise Parker, Donna

Shaver, Tom Smoyer, J. Vasconcelos, and Wendy

Teas. Access to specimens, dissection assistance,

and/or comments on drafts of the manual were

Many individuals provided thoughtful discussions

during the preparation of this manual and The

Anatomy of Sea Turtles video. The quality and

coverage of The Anatomy of Sea Turtles was great-

ly improved by their attention and suggestions.

This manual’s illustrations and layout are by

Dawn Witherington.

PHOTOGRAPHIC CREDITS

The following people contributed photos that enhanced the quality of this manual. Where known, turtle

tag numbers or their identifications are also provided.

Ursula Keuper-Bennett and Peter Bennett: Figs. 11, Tutu; Fig. 20, Ake

Beth Chittick: Fig. 145

Larry Crowder: Fig. 141

Bill Dailey: Fig. 21

Craig Harms: Figs. 81, 161, 187

Bruce Homer: Fig. 176

Chris Johnson: Figs. 9, 17

Heather Kalb and David Owens: Fig. 234

Joanne Braun McNeill: Fig. 15

Anne Meylan: Fig. 77

Peter C. H. Pritchard: Fig. 189

Tom Smoyer (Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution): Figs. 10, 12, 13, 14, 19, 31, 45, 58, 70, 71, 90, 106, 229

J. Vasconcelos: Fig. 24

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