Notes Hadeeth.pdf

Notes on the Science of Hadeeth extracted from ÐTayseer Mustalahil Hadeeth - ǋȤçǛƧƈƾ ǓȑƧǵĢǭȔ ǟȥçǥȥǈ Ñ - Dr. Mahmood at-Tahhaan

ȓȥçǔĨǟȐƾ çȗȕĢǔĨǟȐƾ çƢƾ çȓĢǥǂ

The Beginning of Mustalahul Hadeeth

It has its basis in the Qur.aan and the Sunnah of the Prophet (r). Allaah (I) says:

{

O you who believe! If a rebellious evil person comes to you with a news, verify it, . . .

[Soorah al-Hujuraat-049, Aayah-006]

ƾȟșȥǃǉȄ ƹǃșǂ ĤȇçǤƿȄ ĢȓƩȌåƱƳĠǐ ƯȖƸ ƾĢȟșȔƲ ĠȗȤçǝȐƾ ƿĠȝȤƴƿȤ

}

The Prophet (r) said ((May Allaah make a person happy who hears something from us and transmits it as he heard it, since

perhaps the one whom it reaches comprehends it better than the one who heard it.)) [Saheeh: Ahmad, at-Tirmidhee and Ibn

Hibbaan from Ibn MasÓood].

Imaam Muslim reports in the introduction of his ÐSaheehÑ that Ibn Seereen - the famous taabiÓee - said: ÐThey never used to

ask about the isnaad, but when the civil war broke out, they said: Name to us your narrators, those who belonged to Ahlus-

Sunnah, their ahadeeth are accepted and those who are innovators, their ahadeeth are rejected.Ñ

The most famous books on the subject :

1) Ðal-Muhaddithul Faasil baynar-Raawee wal WaaÓeeÑ

- al-Qaadee Aboo Muhammad al-Hasan ibn ÒAbdir-Rahmaan ar-Raamahurmuzee (d.360H). First book

devoted exclusively to the subject.

2) ÐMaÓrifat ÒUloomul-HadeethÑ

- Aboo ÒAbdillaah Muhammad ibn ÒAbdillaah al-Haakim an-Neesaabooree (d.405H).

3) "al-Mustakhraj Òalaa MaÓrifatil ÒUloomil-HadeethÑ

- Aboo NuÓaym al-Isbahaanee (d.430H).

4) Ðal-Kifaayah fee ÒIlmir-RiwaayahÑ

- Aboo Bakar Ahmad ibn ÒAlee ibn Thaabit al-Khateeb al-Baghdaadee (d.463H).

5) Ðal-JaamiÓ li.akhlaaqir-Raawee wa Aadaabis-SaamiÓÑ

- al-Khateeb al-Baghdaadee.

6) Ðal-IlmaaÓ ilaa maÓrifat ÒUsoolir-Riwaayah wat-Taqyeedis SamaaÓÑ

- al-Qaadee ÒIyaad ibn Moosaa al-Yahsibee (d.544H).

7) ÐMaa laa YasaÓul-Muhadditha JahluhuÑ

- Aboo Hafs ÒUmar ibn ÒAbdil-Majeed al-Mayaanajee (d. 580H).

8) ÒUloomul-HadeethÑ

- Aboo ÒAmr ÒUthmaan ibn ÒAbdir-Rahmaan ash-Shahrazooree: Ibnus-Salaah (d.643H). One of the best

books, commonly known as ÐMuqaddimmah Ibnus-SalaahÑ

9) Ðat-Taqreeb wat-Tayseer li-maÓrifat Sunanil Basheerin-NadheerÑ

- Muheeyuddeen Yahyaa ibn Sharaf an Nawawee (d.676H).

10) ÐTadreebur-Raawee fee Sharh Taqreebin-NawaweeÑ

- Jalaaluddeen ÒAbdur-Rahmaan ibn Abee Bakar as-Suyootee (d.911H).

. . .

11) ÐNazmud-Durar fee ÒIlmil AtharÑ

- Zainuddeen ÒAbdur-Raheem ibn al-Husayn al-ÓIraaqee (d.806H).

12) ÐFat-hul Mugheeth fee Sharh Alfiyyatil HadeethÑ

- Muhammad ibn ÒAbdir-Rahmaan as-Sakhaawee (d.902H).

13) ÐNukhbatul Fikr fee Mustalah Ahlil AtharÑ

- al-Haafiz ibn Hajar al-ÓAsqalaanee (d.852H).

14) al-Manzoomatul BaiqooniyyahÑ

- ÒUmar ibn Muhammad al-Baiqoonee (d.1080H).

15) ÐQawaaÓidut-TahdeethÑ

- Jamaaluddeen al-Qaasimee (d.1332H).

Initial definitions :

Óilmul mustalah - ġȓƯȑçǼ

- The knowledge of the principles and rules by which the state of the isnaad (chain) and the text (matan)

may be known as regards acceptance or rejection. ItÓs usefulness therefore lies in its making possible the

distinction between authentic and weak hadeeth

al-hadeeth - ǋȤçǛĠǕȐƾ

Linguistically - Something new

Technically - That which is attributed to the Prophet (r) as regards words, actions or tacit approval, physical features

and characteristics

al-khabar -

Linguistically - News

Technically - There are three sayings :

1) It is the same as Ðal-hadeethÑ

2) That which is related from other than the Prophet (r), and

3) That related from the Prophet (r) or other than Him

al-athar - ǟǌåȨƾ

Linguistically - A remnant

Technically - There are two sayings :

1) It is the same as Ðal-hadeethÑ, and

2) Sayings and actions attributed to the Companions and TaabiÓeen

al-isnaad - ǚƿșĢǤçȪƾ

- Has two meanings:

1) Ascribing the hadeeth back to the one who said it - connecting the chain of narration, and

2) The chain of narrators which reaches back to the text - which is the same as Ðas-sanadÑ

as-sanad -

Linguistically - A support

Technically - The chain of narrators which reaches the text

al-matan -

Linguistically - A hard protruding part of the earth

Technically - That which the chain of narration ends at (the text)

al-musnad -

Linguistically - That which has been attributed to someone

Technically - It has three meanings :

1) Every book arranged according to the narrationÓs of each Companion separately

2) The hadeeth which is traced back to the Prophet (r), (marfooÓ) with a connected isnaad (muttasil), and

3) The ÐsanadÑ

al-musnid - ǛșĢǥġȕȐƾ

- He who narrates the hadeeth with its isnaad

al-muhaddith -

- He who occupies himself with the science of hadeeth - with both the sciences of the texts and the chains

of narration - and he knows a great many narrations and the condition of their narrators

al-haafiz - ǷȄƿĠǕȐƾ

- There are two sayings :

1) He is the same as the muhaddith, and

2) He is of a higher standard - such that what he knows at every stage is more than what he does not

know

al-haakim - ȓçȌƿĠǕȐƾ

- He who has knowledge comprehending almost all of the ahaadeeth such that only a very few escape him

Classification of the hadeeth as regards the state in which it reaches us :

So if it has many chains of narration - without a particular limit - then it is mutawaatir - ǟǈƾĠȟǉȔ

And if its chains of narration are limited to a particular number - then it is al-aahaad -

al-mutawaatir - ǟǈƾĠȟǉġȕȐƾ

Linguistically - Succession, consecutive

Technically - That which is narrated by such a large number of people that it is impossible that they have invented a lie

Its Conditions :

1) That it be narrated by a large number of people. Scholars differ about the actual number required

2) That this number is found in every level of the isnaad

3) That it is impossible that they could have gathered together upon a lie

Classes of al-mutawaatir :

1) al-mutawaatirul-lafzee - ȣçǹƯȅȑȐƾ ġǟǈƾĠȟǉġȕȐƾ (mutawaatir in wording)

- That whose wording and meaning are mutawaatir. e.g. The hadeeth ((He who deliberately lies upon me -

then let him take his place in the Fire.))

2) al-mutawaatirul maÔnawee - çȟșĢǽƊƾ ġǟǈƾĠȟǉġȕȐƾ (mutawaatir in meaning)

- i.e. the hadeeth of raising the hands in duÓaa - which is reported in about a hundred ahaadeeth, all of

them stating that He (r) raised his hands in duÓaa - but referring to different occasions - so the mention of

each case is not mutawaatir, but the common factor - that He (r) raised his hands, is.

The most famous books of mutawaatir hadeeth :

1) Ðal-Azhaar al-Mutanaathirah fil Akhbaaril MutawaatirahÑ - as-Suyootee.

2) ÐQutuful AzhaarÑ - as-Suyootee.

3) ÐNazmul Mutanaathir minal Hadeethil MutawaatirÑ - Muhammad ibn JaÓfar al-Kattaanee.

khabarul aahaad -

Linguistically - Plural of ÐoneÑ

Technically - That which does not fulfill the conditions of the mutawaatir

- Its divisions according to its number of chains :

1) mash-hoor -

2) Óazeez - ǡȤçǡĠǼ

3) ghareeb - ǁȤçǟƧȀ

al-mash-hoor -

Linguistically - ÐWell-knownÑ

Technically - That which is narrated by three people or more at every level, but does not reach the condition of the

mutawaatir

al-mustafeed - ǯȥȅǉĢǥġȕȐƾ

Linguistically - That which has been spread or poured forth

Technically - There are three sayings :

- 1) That it is the same as Ðal-mash-hoorÑ,

2) It is more particular - both ends of its isnaad must be equal,

3) It is more general than Ðal-mash-hoorÑ.

Ðal-mash-hoorÑ - other than its technical meaning :

It is sometimes used to mean that a hadeeth which is merely well-known amongst the people, without

having the conditions for the technical Ðmash-hoorÑ. This includes :

1) That which has a single isnaad,

2) That which has more than one isnaad, and

3) That which has no isnaad at all.

The types of Ðal-mash-hoorÑ other than the technical mash-hoor :

1) Ðmash-hoorÑ to the people of hadeeth particularly, e.g. the hadeeth of Anas: Ðthat AllaahÓs Messenger

(r) made qunoot for a month after rukooÓ invoking against RiÓl and Dhakwaan.Ñ [al-Bukhaaree and

Muslim]

2) Ðmash-hoorÑ to the people of hadeeth , the scholars and the common people, e.g. ÐThe Muslim is he

whom the Muslims are safe from his tongue and his hand.Ñ [al-Bukhaaree and Muslim]

3) Ðmash-hoorÑ to the fuqahaa (scholars), e.g. The most hated of the permissible to Allaah is divorce.Ñ

[DaÓeef Aboo Daawood, Ibn Maajah and al-Haakim]

4) Ðmash-hoorÑ to the scholars of ÐusoolÑ (principles of fiqh), e.g. ÐMistakes and forgetfulness have been

set down (forgiven) for my Ummah and that which they are forced to do.Ñ [Saheeh at-Tabaraanee from

Thawbaan]

5) Ðmash-hoorÑ to the people of arabic grammar.

6) "mash-hoorÑ to the common people.

The most famous books of those ahaadeeth common upon the tongues of the people :

1) Ðal-Maqaasidul Hasanah fee Mashtahara Òalal AlsinahÑ - as-Sakhaawee.

2) ÐKashful Khafaa wa mazeelul ilbaas fee Mashtahara minal hadeeth Òalaa Alsinatin-NaasÑ - al-ÓAjloonee.

3) ÐTamyeezut-Tayyib minal Khabeethi feemaa yadurroo Òalaa Alsinatin Naasi minal hadeethÑ Î Ibn ad-

DaybaÓ ash-Shaybaanee.

al-azeez - ǡȤçǡǽȐƾ

Linguistically - Either ÐrareÑ or ÐstrongÑ

Technically - That which is narrated by no less than two narrators at every level, e.g. The hadeeth ((None of you

believes until I am more beloved to him than his father, his son and all the people.)) [al-Bukhaaree and

Muslim]. It is narrated from the Prophet (r) by Anas from Qataadah and ÒAbdul-ÓAzeez ibn Suhayb, and

from Qataadah by ShuÓbah and SaÓeed.

THE PROPHET (r)

2 Anas

Aboo Hurayrah

2 Qataadah

ÒAbdul ÒAzeez Ibn Suhayb

2 ShuÓbah

SaÓeed

al-ghareeb - ǁȤçǟȁȐƾ

Linguistically - The singular

Technically - The hadeeth which at some stage is narrated only by a single narrator - either in every stage of the

isnaad, or at a single point.

Also called Ðal-fardÑ :

In the view of al-Haafiz ibn Hajar Ðal-fardÑ and Ðal-ghareebÑ are the same, except that Ðal-fardÑ is usually

used to refer to Ðal-fardul mutlaqÑ (that which is reported by a single Companion), and Ðal-ghareebÑ to refer

to Ðal-fardun-nisbeeÑ (which occurs later in the isnaad).

Its types according to where it occurs in the isnaad :

1) al-ghareebul mutlaq (absolute) ȇȑƯǵƊƾ ǁȤçǟȁȐƾ , (or Ðal-fardul mutlaqÑ)

- That which occurs at the root of the isnaad Î being narrated by a single Companion, e.g. the hadeeth

((Verily actions are but by intentions.)) [Reported only by ÒUmar ibn al-Khattaab ( t )]

2) al-ghareebun-nisbee (relative) ȣǃĢǥșȐƾ ǁȤçǟȁȐƾ , (or Ðal-fardun-nisbeeÑ)

- That which is narrated by more than one narrator to begin with, then somewhere in the isnaad one of its

narrators has only one person narrating from him.

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