30079_39a.pdf

PART 4

ENERGY, POWER, AND POLLUTION

CONTROL TECHNOLOGY

TABLE 39.1 CONVERSION

FACTORS

TABLE 39.9 THERMODYNAMIC

PROPERTIES OF

SATURATED

MERCURY

1247

1259

TABLE 39.2 PHASE TRANSITION

DATA FOR THE

ELEMENTS

1247

FIGURE 39.2 ENTHALPY-LOG

PRESSURE

DIAGRAM FOR

MERCURY

TABLE 39.3 PHASE TRANSITION

DATA FOR

COMPOUNDS

1260

1249

TABLE 39.10 THERMODYNAMIC

PROPERTIES OF

SATURATED

METHANE

TABLE 39.4 THERMODYNAMIC

PROPERTIES OF

LIQUID AND

SATURATED

VAPOR AIR

1261

1251

TABLE 39.11 THERMOPHYSICAL

PROPERTIES OF

METHANE AT

ATMOSPHERIC

PRESSURE

TABLE 39.5 IDEAL GAS

THERMOPHYSICAL

PROPERTIES OF AIR 1252

1262

TABLE 39.6 THERMOPHYSICAL

PROPERTIES OF THE

U.S. STANDARD

ATMOSPHERE 1255

TABLE 39.12 THERMOPHYSICAL

PROPERTIES OF

SATURATED

REFRIGERANT 22 1263

TABLE 39.7 THERMOPHYSICAL

PROPERTIES OF

CONDENSED AND

SATURATED VAPOR

CARBON DIOXIDE

FROM 200 K TO THE

CRITICAL POINT 1256

TABLE 39.13 THERMOPHYSICAL

PROPERTIES OF

REFRIGERANT 22 AT

ATMOSPHERIC

PRESSURE

1264

FIGURE 39.3 ENTHALPY-LOG

PRESSURE

DIAGRAM FOR

REFRIGERANT 22 1264

TABLE 39.8 THERMOPHYSICAL

PROPERTIES OF

GASEOUS CARBON

DIOXIDE AT 1 BAR

PRESSURE

TABLE 39.14 THERMODYNAMIC

PROPERTIES OF

SATURATED

REFRIGERANT 134a 1265

1257

FIGURE 39.1 ENTHALPY-LOG

PRESSURE DIAGRAM

FOR CARBON

DIOXIDE

1258

Mechanical Engineers' Handbook, 2nd ed, Edited by Myer Kutz.

TABLE 39.15 INTERIM

THERMOPHYSICAL

PROPERTIES OF

REFRIGERANT 134a 1266

FIGURE 39.4 COMPRESSIBILITY

FACTOR OF

REFRIGERANT 134a 1268

TABLE 39.21 SPECIFIC HEAT

(kj/kg • K) AT

CONSTANT

PRESSURE OF

SATURATED LIQUIDS 1279

TABLE 39.22 RATIO OF PRINCIPAL

SPECIFIC HEATS,

cp/cv9 FOR LIQUIDS

AND GASES AT

ATMOSPHERIC

PRESSURE

FIGURE 39.5 ENTHALPY-LOG

PRESSURE

DIAGRAM FOR

REFRIGERANT 134a 1269

1280

TABLE 39.23 SURFACE TENSION

(N/m) OF LIQUIDS 1281

TABLE 39.16 THERMODYNAMIC

PROPERTIES OF

SATURATED

SODIUM

TABLE 39.24 THERMAL

CONDUCTIVITY

(W/m • K) OF

SATURATED

LIQUIDS

1270

TABLE 39.17 THERMODYNAMIC

PROPERTIES OF

ICE/WATER

1282

1271

TABLE 39.25 VISCOSITY

(10-4 Pa • sec) OF

SATURATED

LIQUIDS

TABLE 39.18 THERMODYNAMIC

PROPERTIES OF

SATURATED

STEAM/WATER 1272

1283

TABLE 39.26 THERMOCHEMICAL

PROPERTIES AT

1.013 bar, 298.15 K 1284

TABLE 39.19 THERMOPHYSICAL

PROPERTIES OF

MISCELLANEOUS

SUBSTANCES AT

ATMOSPHERIC

PRESSURE

TABLE 39.27 IDEAL GAS SENSIBLE

ENTHALPIES

(kj/kg • mol) OF

COMMON

PRODUCTS OF

COMBUSTION

1274

TABLE 39.20 PHYSICAL

PROPERTIES

OF NUMBERED

REFRIGERANTS 1276

1285

FIGURE 39.6 PSYCHROMETRIC

CHART

1287

In this chapter, information is usually presented in the System International des Unites, called in

English the International System of Units and abbreviated SI. Various tables of conversion factors

from other unit systems into the SI system and vice versa are available. The following table is only

intended to enable rapid conversion to be made with moderate, that is, five significant figure, accuracy,

usually acceptable in most engineering calculations. The references listed should be consulted for

more exact conversions and defintions.

Table 39.1 Conversion Factors3

Density: 1 kg/m3 - 0.06243 lbm/ft3 - 0.01002 lbm/U.K. gallon - 8.3454 X 10~3 lbm/U.S.

gallon = 1.9403 X 10~3 slug/ft3 = 10~3 g/cm3

Energy: 1 kJ = 737.56 ft-lbf = 239.01 cal^ - 0.94783 Btu - 3.7251 X 10~4 hp hr - 2.7778 x

10-4 kWhr

Specific energy: 1 kJ/kg - 334.54 ft-lbf/lbm = 0.4299 Btu/lbm - 0.2388 cal/g

Specific energy per degree: 1 kJ/kg • K - 0.23901 Btu^/lb • °F - 0.23901 cal^/g • °C

Mass: 1 kg - 2.20462 lbm - 0.06852 slug - 1.1023 X 10~3 U.S. ton - 10~3 tonne - 9.8421 X

10-4 U.K. ton

Pressure: 1 bar = 105 N/m2 = 105 Pa - 750.06 mm Hg at 0°C - 401.47 in. H2O at 32°F -

29.530 in. Hg at 0°C - 14.504 lb/in.2 - 14.504 psia = 1.01972 kg/cm2 = 0.98692 atm - 0.1

MPa

Temperature: T(K) = r(°C) + 273.15 - [7X°F) + 459.69]/1.8 - T(°R)/1.8

Temperature difference: A7(K) - Ar(°C) - A7X°F)/1.8 = A7X°R)/1.8

Thermal conductivity: 1 W/m-K = 0.8604 kcal/m-hr-°C - 0.5782 Btu/ft• hr• °F - 0.01 W/cm

• K - 2.390 X 10~3 cal/cm • sec • °C

Thermal diffusivity: 1 m2/sec - 38750 ft2/hr - 3600 m2/hr = 10.764 ft2/sec

Viscosity, dynamic: 1 N-sec/m2 = 1 Pa -sec = 107 /iP = 2419.1 lbm/ft-hr - 103 cP - 75.188

slug/ft -hr = 10 P = 0.6720 lbm/ft-sec = 0.02089 lbf- sec/ft2

Viscosity, kinematic (see thermal diffusivity)

°E. Lange, L. F. Sokol, and V. Antoine, Information on the Metric System and Related Fields, 6th

ed., G. C. Marshall Space Flight Center, AL (exhaustive bibliography); C. H. Page and P. Vigoureux,

The International System of Units, NBS S.P. 330, Wahsington, D.C., 1974; E. A. Mechtly, The

International System of Units. Physical Constants and Conversion Factors, NASA S.P. 9012, 1973.

Numerous revisions periodically appear: see, for example, Pure AppL Chem., 51, 1-41 (1979) and

later issues.

Table 39.2 Phase Transition Data for the Elements9

Formula

Weight

227.028

26.9815

121.75

39.948

74.9216

137.33

9.01218

208.980

10.81

159.808

112.41

40.08

12.011

140.12

132.905

70.906

51.996

58.9332

A/7fus

(kJ/kg)

398

163

Name

Actinium

Aluminum

Antimony

Argon

Arsenic

Barium

Beryllium

Bismuth

Boron

Bromine

Cadmium

Calcium

Carbon

Cerium

Cesium

Chlorine

Chromium

Cobalt

Symbol

C12

TmM

1323

933.5

903.9

885

1002

1560

544.6

2320

266

594

1112

3810

1072

301.8

172

2133

1766

7i(K)

3475

2750

1905

87.2

rc(K)

7850

5700

151

2100

4450

6200

4450

3300

584

2690

4300

7200

9750

2015

417

5500

6300

55.8

1355

54.0

1933

66.0

55.1

213.1

2750

1838

4000

332

1040

1763

4275

390

16.4

180.7

325.6

274.7

951

239

2950

3185

Table 39.2 (Continued)

Formula

Weight

63.546

162.50

167.26

151.96

37.997

157.25

69.72

72.59

196.967

178.49 •

4.00260

164.930

2.0159

114.82

253.809

192.22

55.847

83.80

138.906

207.2

6.941

174.967

24.305

54.9380

200.59

95.94

144.24

20.179

237.048

58.70

92.9064

28.013

190.2

31.9988

106.4

30.9738

195.09

244

39.0983

140.908

145

231

226.025

222

186.207

102.906

85.4678

101.07

150.4

44.9559

A/?fus

(kJ/kg)

206.8

68.1

119.1

60.6

13.4

63.8

80.1

508.9

62.8

134.8

2.1

73.8

Name

Copper

Dysprosium

Erbium

Europium

Fluorine

Gadolinum

Gallium

Germanium

Gold

Hafnium

Helium

Holmium

Hydrogen

Indium

Iodine

Iridium

Iron

Krypton

Lanthanum

Lead

Lithium

Lutetium

Magnesium

Manganese

Mercury

Molybdenum

Neodymium

Neon

Neptunium

Nickel

Niobium

Nitrogen

Osmium

Oxygen

Palladium

Phosphorus

Platinum

Plutonium

Potassium

Praseodymium

Promethium

Protactinium

Radium

Radon

Rhenium

Rhodium

Rubidium

Ruthenium

Samarium

Scandium

Symbol

rc(K)

8280

6925

7250

4350

144

8670

7125

8900

7250

10400

5.2

7575

7i(K)

2845

2855

3135

1850

85.0

3540

2500

3110

3130

4885

4.22

2968

20.4

2346

457

4740

3136

119.8

3715

2025

1607

3668

1364

2334

630

4900

3341

27.1

4160

3190

5020

77.3

5300

90.2

3240

553

4100

3505

1032

3785

2730

4300

1900

211

5920

3980

964

4430

2064

3550

7^ 00

1357

1670

1795

1092

53.5

1585

303

1211

1337

2485

3.5

1744

14.0

430

387

2718

1811

115.8

1194

601

454

1937

922

1518

234.6

2892

1290

24.5

910

1728

2740

63.2

3310

54.4

1826

317

2045

913

336.4

1205

1353

1500

973

202

3453

2236

312.6

2525

1345

1813

28.5

125.0

13.7

247.3

19.6

44.6

23.2

432.2

106.6

368.4

219.3

11.4

290.0

49.6

16.4

6150

785

7800

8500

209.4

10500

5500

3700

3850

4325

1720

1450

7900

44.5

12000

8000

12500

126.2

12700

154.8

7700

995

10700

10500

2210

8900

297.6

283.7

25.7

150.0

13.8

165.0

101

11.7

60.1

64.8

12.3

177.8

209.4

26.4

256.3

57.3

313.6

377

18900

7000

2070

9600

5050

6410

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