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Flavours and Fragrances

Chemistry, Bioprocessing and Sustainability

R. G. Berger (Ed.)

Flavours

and Fragrances

Chemistry, Bioprocessing

and Sustainability

With 231 Figures and 61 Tables

123

Prof. Dr. Ralf Günter Berger

Universität Hannover

FB Chemie, Institut für Lebensmittelchemie

Wunstorferstraße 14

30453 Hannover, Germany

rg.berger@lci.uni-hannover.de

Library of Congress Control Number: 2006939012

ISBN 978-3-540-49338-9 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York

DOI 10.1007/b136889

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Preface

Our ancestors lived in intimacy with nature and knew well that their survival

depended on a safe and fertile environment. e introduction of three-eld ro-

tation in the eighth century bc, for example, counteracted the depletion of soil

and increased crop yields without negative side eects. e rst denition of the

modern term “sustainability” is usually ascribed to forest chief captain H. C. von

Carlowitz, who in 1713 in his Sylvicultura Oeconomica formulated principles for

a sensible economy of wood. From J. S. Mill ( Of the Stationary State ) to modern

academic representatives, such as K. Boulding, D. E. Meadows ( e Limits to

Growth ), R. Easterlin and H. E. Daly, the “ecological economists” have remained

a concerned but rather ignored minority. e situation started to change aer

the famous Brundtland report ( Our Common Future ) of the UN dened sus-

tainability as a desirable characteristic of development, which will not only meet

current needs of people, but also will not jeopardise the ability of future gen-

erations to meet their demands and to choose their style of life. is denition

includes a social dimension and was also adopted by Agenda 21 of the UNCED

in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro.

A set of rules may aid in assessing the sustainable quality of a process:

• Consumption and regeneration of the raw materials should be balanced.

• Non-regenerative goods should be replaced.

• Generation of waste and its biological elimination should be balanced.

• Technical processes should match biological processes on the time scale.

A merely growth oriented economy must violate these rules. According to

the rst law of thermodynamics, energy in a closed system like the planet earth

is nite (if we neglect the solar photon ux). Today mankind secures its survival

by exploiting low-entropy resources, such as fossil fuels, concentrated minerals

and higher plants, and by converting them to high-entropy products, such as

carbon dioxide, cars and ne chemicals. However, as proven by our oce desks,

high entropy levels can only be lowered by energy input. Here the rst and the

second law of thermodynamics collide, and we apparently encounter the inner

core of the conict.

With the world running out of crude oil, species dying out at an alarming rate

and political leaders seemingly little concerned about the predicted disasters,

scientists should feel challenged to suggest solutions. A sustainable production

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