Mind Mapping and Variants.pdf

Mind Mapping and Variants

● Cognitive Map

● Mind Map

● A Powerful Approach to Note Taking

● Examples

● Argument Map

● Concept Map

Cognitive Map

Cognitive maps, mental maps, mind maps , cognitive models, or mental models are a type of mental

processing ( cognition ) composed of a series of psychological transformations by which an individual

can acquire, code, store, recall, and decode information about the relative locations and attributes of

phenomena in their everyday or metaphorical spatial environment.

Tolman (1948) is generally credited with the introduction of the term 'cognitive map' . Here, 'cognition'

can be used to refer to the mental models, or belief systems , that people use to perceive, contextualize,

simplify, and make sense of otherwise complex problems. Cognitive maps have been studied in various

fields of science, such as psychology, archeology, planning, geography and management. As a

consequence, these mental models are often referred to, variously, as cognitive maps, scripts, schemata,

and frames of reference.

Put more simply, cognitive maps are a method we use to structure and store spatial knowledge,

allowing the " mind's eye " to visualize images in order to reduce cognitive load, and enhance recall and

learning of information. This type of spatial thinking can also be used as a metaphor for non-spatial

tasks, where people performing non-spatial tasks involving memory and imaging use spatial knowledge

to aid in processing the task.

These can be abstract, flat or spatial representations of cognitive spaces. When these cognitive spaces

are combined they can form a cognitive panorama. We can distinguish cognitive maps or cognitive

spaces as being either "workbenches of the mind" ( Baars ) or "externally related workbenches of the

mind" ( Benking) as representations of the inside or outside.

The oldest known formal method of using spatial locations to remember data is the " method of loci" .

This method was originally used by students of rhetoric in Ancient Rome when memorizing speeches.

To use it one must first memorize the appearance of a physical location (for example, the sequence of

rooms in a building). When a list of words, for example, needs to be memorized, the learner visualizes

an object representing that word in one of the pre-memorized locations. To recall the list, the learner

mentally "walks through" the memorized locations, noticing the objects placed there during the

memorization phase.

Cognitive maps may also be represented and assessed on paper or screen through various practical

methods such as a concept map, sketch map, spider diagram, Hasse diagram or any variety of spatial

representation.

A Fuzzy cognitive map (FCM) is a cognitive map which can be processed based on fuzzy logic.

The neural correlates of a cognitive map (at least in rodents') brains has been speculated to be the Place

cell system in the Hippocampus or the recently found Grid cells in the entorhinal cortex.

Mind Map

A hand-drawn mind map

A mind map is a diagram used to represent words , ideas, tasks or other items linked to and arranged

radially around a central key word or idea. It is used to generate , visualize, structure and classify ideas,

and as an aid in study , organization , problem solving , decision making, and writing. It is an image-

centered diagram that represents semantic or other connections between portions of information. By

presenting these connections in a radial, non-linear graphical manner, it encourages a brainstorming

approach to any given organizational task, eliminating the hurdle of initially establishing an

intrinsically appropriate or relevant conceptual framework to work within.

A mind map is similar to a semantic network or cognitive map but there are no formal restrictions on

the kinds of links used. The elements are arranged intuitively according to the importance of the

concepts and they are organized into groupings, branches, or areas. The uniform graphic formulation of

the semantic structure of information on the method of gathering knowledge, may aid recall of existing

memories .

Origins

Mind maps (or similar concepts) have been used for centuries, for learning, brainstorming , memory,

visual thinking, and problem solving by educators, engineers, psychologists and people in general.

Some of the earliest examples of mind maps were developed by Porphyry of Tyros , a noted thinker of

the 3rd century as he graphically visualized the concept categories of Aristotle. Ramon Llull also used

these structures of the mind map form.

The semantic network was developed as a theory to understand human learning, and developed into

mind maps by Dr Allan Collins, and the noted researcher M. Ross Quillian during the early 1960s. As

such, due to his commitment and published research, and his work with learning, creativity, and

graphical thinking, Dr Allan Collins can be considered the father of the modern mind map.[ citation

needed ]

People have been using image-centered radial graphic organization techniques referred to variably as

mental or generic mind maps for centuries in areas such as engineering, psychology, and education,

although the claim to the origin of the mind map has been made by a British popular psychology

author, Tony Buzan . He claimed the idea was inspired by Alfred Korzybski 's general semantics as

popularized in science fiction novels, such as those of Robert A. Heinlein and A. E. van Vogt . He

argues that 'traditional' outlines rely on the reader to scan left to right and top to bottom, whilst what

actually happens is that the brain will scan the entire page in a non-linear fashion. He also uses popular

assumptions about the cerebral hemispheres in order to promote the exclusive use of mind mapping

over other forms of note making.

The mind map continues to be used in various forms, and for various applications including learning

and education (where it is often taught as 'Webs' or 'Webbing'), planning and in engineering

diagramming.

When compared with the earlier original concept map (which was developed by learning experts in the

1960s) the structure of a mind map is a similar, but simplified, radial by having one central key word.

Uses of mind maps

Rough mindmap notes taken during a course session

Mind maps have many applications in personal, family, educational, and business situations, including

notetaking, brainstorming (wherein ideas are inserted into the map radially around the center node,

without the implicit prioritization that comes from hierarchy or sequential arrangements, and wherein

grouping and organizing is reserved for later stages), summarizing, revising and general clarifying of

thoughts . For example, one could listen to a lecture and take down notes using mind maps for the most

important points or keywords. One can also use mind maps as a mnemonic technique or to sort out a

complicated idea. Mind maps are also promoted as a way to collaborate in color pen creativity sessions.

Mind maps can be drawn by hand, either as 'rough notes', for example, during a lecture or meeting, or

can be more sophisticated in quality. Examples of both are illustrated. There are also a number of

software packages available for producing mind maps (see below).

The best-selling fiction paperback (August 2007) in the UK , " The Naming of the Dead " by Ian

Rankin, features a detective, Inspector Rebus who uses mind maps to solve crimes.

Mind map guidelines

Mind map of mind map guidelines

Tony Buzan suggests using the following foundation structures for Mind Mapping:

1. Start in the center with an image of the topic, using at least 3 colors.

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